11/21. Delayed onset of hemidystonia and hemiballismus following head injury: a clinicopathological correlation. Case report.The authors report the case of a young man who suffered multiple injuries in a motor vehicle accident, the most significant of which arose in the brain, creating an unusual clinical syndrome. After experiencing an initial coma for several days, the patient was found to have a right-sided homonymous hemianopsia and a right hemiparesis, which was more marked at the shoulder and was accompanied by preservation of finger movement. Dystonic movements appeared 2 months later and progressed, along with increased spasticity on volition, to severe uncontrolled arm movements at 2 years postinjury. This motor disorder continued to worsen during the following 6 years prior to the patient's death. At autopsy, the left side of the brain was observed to have marked atrophy of the optic tract, a partial lesion of the posterior portion of the medial segment of the globus pallidus (GP), and a reduction in the size of the internal capsule at the level of the GP, suggesting impaired circulation to these areas at the time of injury. The isolated lesion of the internal segment of the GP was the presumed cause of the dystonia, acting through an alteration in thalamic inhibition. The atrophic subthalamic nucleus was the probable cause of the hemiballismus. The authors speculate that this and other delayed and progressive features of this case were the result of an active, but disordered, adaptive process that failed to compensate and, instead, caused even greater problems than the original injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain, injury (Clic here for more details about this article) |
12/21. Protective helmets for children with special health care needs.An illustrative case of a second traumatic brain injury in the same child raises the issue of the criteria by which protective helmets for disabled children should be prescribed. There is a dearth of data substantiating criteria for helmet prescription for special needs children and assessing potential adverse side effects of routinely wearing a helmet. Further studies seem warranted to determine whether protective helmets truly reduce the frequency and severity of secondary trauma and whether there are adverse effects that outweigh benefits.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 21.479531883384keywords = brain injury, traumatic brain injury, traumatic brain, brain, injury, trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
13/21. Tai Chi Chuan practice as a tool for rehabilitation of severe head trauma: 3 case reports.rehabilitation after severe head trauma is a complex process that can be long and frustrating. New, more holistic methods for rehabilitation are constantly sought. We present the cases of 3 patients who had severe head injury and whose rehabilitation was facilitated by Tai Chi Chuan (TCC) therapy. TCC therapy should be taught only by a qualified TCC therapist and under close medical supervision.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.072258603968884keywords = injury, trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
14/21. Brain injury case management: the potential and limitations of late-stage intervention--a pilot study.The focus of this study was to be upon case management intervention with the longer-term, often insidious cognitive and behavioural problems of brain injured patients, to effect a cohesive response towards improvement of function and social/community reintegration. Ten 'in depth' case management studies were developed. Age, sex, cause of injury, time post-injury, nature of brain injury,sequelae-and consequent intervention-differed widely. Three studies are precised in this paper. There was no attempt to match or compare such a diverse group, each was accepted on the basis of need and potential benefit. Available information for each was studied. Field assessment was by the case manager who then engaged whatever appropriate resources could be mustered on behalf of the individual client. For some, this permitted access to funding for further assessments or specific inputs, for others there was nothing available other than existing statutory or voluntary agencies. For field assessment purposes, the case manager developed informal ratings of a range of disabilities within the cognitive and behavioural realms and the handicaps resulting. The assessments and nature of interventions are described, discussed and conclusions offered.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 20.010459892906keywords = brain injury, brain, injury (Clic here for more details about this article) |
15/21. Self-control and the preference for delayed reinforcement an example in brain injury.We investigated the effects of a concurrent physical therapy activity (keeping the hand open) during delays to reinforcement in an adult man with acquired brain injuries. Once a relatively stable level of hand-open behavior was obtained, the participant was asked to choose between a small immediate reinforcer and a larger delayed reinforcer contingent on keeping the hand open at greater-than-baseline duration. Afterwards, the participant was asked to select between a larger delayed reinforcer with no hand-open requirement and the identical larger delayed reinforcer with a progressively increasing hand-open requirement. Results suggest a shift in preference to larger delayed reinforcers and an eventual preference for the hand-open requirement option.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 77.569223900572keywords = brain injury, brain, injury (Clic here for more details about this article) |
16/21. Through children's eyes: children's experience of living with a parent with an acquired brain injury.While previous literature on brain injury reports high levels of stress and burden in primary caregivers, the impact on children has been overlooked. This paper reports on an in-depth, qualitative research project exploring the experiences of four children living with fathers with an acquired brain injury (ABI). The findings indicate that these children were negatively impacted and at risk of emotional and behavioural difficulties. The children reported a complexity of feelings associated with the trauma and multiple losses, including profound grief, social isolation and fear of family disintegration and violence. Despite the difficulties they faced, the children also demonstrated resilience and reported positive outcomes such as having greater independence. Although only a small pilot study, the current findings highlight the need for both clinicians and researchers to be more proactive in questioning their clients and families about the level of violence following ABI and that disclosure may be more likely to occur with on-going involvement and support. The study concludes that early intervention and systemic support is required to minimize the trauma for these children. Further research is recommended, not only to replicate these findings in a larger sample, but also to explore in-depth children's experience of living with a parent with a brain injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 135.31250635772keywords = brain injury, brain, injury, trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
17/21. Investigating the neurobiological basis of cognitive rehabilitation therapy with fMRI.The neurobiological changes occurring during cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) have yet to be systematically studied. In the present study, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to demonstrate brain plasticity in response to CRT (n = 5) following mild traumatic brain injury. neuropsychological tests and two fMRI activation tasks, a visually guided saccades and a reading comprehension task, were employed pre- and post-CRT. CRT was used to systematically address the identified deficits in visual scanning and language processing. As hypothesized, changes in the pattern and extent of activation within expected neuroanatomical areas occurred post-CRT. Changes in fMRI activation are discussed for each subject and related to changes on neuropsychological measures. This study demonstrates how fMRI can illustrate the neurobiological mechanisms of recovery in individual subjects. The variability in subject responses to CRT supports the notion of tailoring rehabilitation strategies to each subject in order to optimize recovery following brain injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 41.05767554497keywords = brain injury, traumatic brain injury, traumatic brain, brain, injury, trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
18/21. A right orbitofrontal region and OCD symptoms: a case report.OBJECTIVE: To discuss the relationship between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and a right orbitofrontal lesion. METHOD: Single case report. RESULTS: A 59-year-old man developed obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) symptoms after his head injury. magnetic resonance imaging brain scans showed a small contusion in the right orbitofrontal region, and single-photon emission computed tomography revealed hypoperfusion in blood flow at the same region. CONCLUSION: The OCD symptoms that developed in the present case may be attributable primarily to hypofunction in the lesion localized to the right orbitofrontal area. Although caution is needed for interpretation of the observation because of our experience of only a single case, it suggests that the right orbitofrontal region may be important in forming OCD symptoms.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.324335833941keywords = brain, injury, contusion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
19/21. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National football League player.OBJECTIVE: We present the results of the autopsy of a retired professional football player that revealed neuropathological changes consistent with long-term repetitive concussive brain injury. This case draws attention to the need for further studies in the cohort of retired National football League players to elucidate the neuropathological sequelae of repeated mild traumatic brain injury in professional football. methods: The patient's premortem medical history included symptoms of cognitive impairment, a mood disorder, and parkinsonian symptoms. There was no family history of Alzheimer's disease or any other head trauma outside football. A complete autopsy with a comprehensive neuropathological examination was performed on the retired National football League player approximately 12 years after retirement. He died suddenly as a result of coronary atherosclerotic disease. Studies included determination of apolipoprotein E genotype. RESULTS: autopsy confirmed the presence of coronary atherosclerotic disease with dilated cardiomyopathy. The brain demonstrated no cortical atrophy, cortical contusion, hemorrhage, or infarcts. The substantia nigra revealed mild pallor with mild dropout of pigmented neurons. There was mild neuronal dropout in the frontal, parietal, and temporal neocortex. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy was evident with many diffuse amyloid plaques as well as sparse neurofibrillary tangles and tau-positive neuritic threads in neocortical areas. There were no neurofibrillary tangles or neuropil threads in the hippocampus or entorhinal cortex. lewy bodies were absent. The apolipoprotein E genotype was E3/E3. CONCLUSION: This case highlights potential long-term neurodegenerative outcomes in retired professional National football League players subjected to repeated mild traumatic brain injury. The prevalence and pathoetiological mechanisms of these possible adverse long-term outcomes and their relation to duration of years of playing football have not been sufficiently studied. We recommend comprehensive clinical and forensic approaches to understand and further elucidate this emergent professional sport hazard.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 62.541870274159keywords = brain injury, traumatic brain injury, traumatic brain, brain, injury, contusion, trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
20/21. Visual memory loss and autobiographical amnesia: a case study.amnesia typically results from trauma to the medial temporal regions that coordinate activation among the disparate areas of cortex that represent the information that make up autobiographical memories. We proposed that amnesia should also result from damage to these regions, particularly regions that subserve long-term visual memory [Rubin, D. C., & Greenberg, D. L. (1998). Visual memory-deficit amnesia: A distinct amnesic presentation and etiology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 95, 5413-5416]. We previously found 11 such cases in the literature, and all 11 had amnesia. We now present a detailed investigation of one of these patients. M.S. suffers from long-term visual memory loss along with some semantic deficits; he also manifests a severe retrograde amnesia and moderate anterograde amnesia. The presentation of his amnesia differs from that of the typical medial-temporal or lateral-temporal amnesic; we suggest that his visual deficits may be contributing to his autobiographical amnesia.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4.2599741151541E-5keywords = trauma (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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