1/13. Anaesthesia for caesarean section in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.Eisenmenger's syndrome was originally described in 1897 and redefined by wood in 1958. This syndrome includes pulmonary hypertension with reversed or bi-directional shunt associated with septal defects or a patent ductus arteriosus. A 27-year-old G2 PO with Eisenmenger's syndrome presented to the hospital for management at 17 weeks of pregnancy. She was advised termination of pregnancy but she refused. An elective caesarean section was performed successfully under general anaesthesia uneventfully at 29 weeks due to severe intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Patient's postoperative complications like pulmonary thromboembolism, the advantages and disadvantages of anticoagulation are discussed. pregnancy carries substantial maternal and fetal risk for patients with pulmonary hypertension and Eisenmenger's syndrome. Although pregnancy should be discouraged in women with Eisenmenger's syndrome it can be successful.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/13. xenon anaesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.There are few reports on anaesthesia for patients with Eisenmenger's syndrome requiring non-cardiac surgery and none of the use of xenon. We describe the use of xenon with a closed-circuit system in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome having a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/13. Incremental spinal anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.We describe a new approach to anaesthesia for elective Caesarean section in a woman with Eisenmenger's syndrome. Incremental regional anaesthesia was performed using a microspinal catheter and haemodynamic monitoring included transthoracic bioimpedance cardiography. This approach allowed the disadvantages of general anaesthesia and invasive cardiac output monitoring to be avoided.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/13. A fine balance--one-lung ventilation in a patient with Eisenmenger syndrome.A 38-yr-old woman with an atrial septum defect and Eisenmenger syndrome was scheduled for a lung biopsy via thoracoscopy during one-lung ventilation. Fluids were given to increase central venous pressure to 8 mm Hg, an epidural catheter was inserted at the sixth thoracic intervertebral space and ropivacaine 0.3%, 6 ml were given. Careful balance of systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance is crucial in Eisenmenger syndrome, so norepinephrine (0.14 mg kg(-1) min(-1)) was infused before general anaesthesia was started with fentanyl 4 mg kg(-1), ketamine 2 mg kg(-1), pancuronium 1 mg and succinylcholine 2 mg kg(-1). Anaesthesia was maintained with propofol 4-8 mg kg(-1) h(-1). To control pulmonary artery pressure, ventilation was performed with oxygen 100% and nitric oxide 20 ppm. Surgery and anaesthesia course were uneventful and the patient was extubated. However, pleural haemorrhage required treatment with blood components, re-intubation on the second postoperative day and removal of the haematoma by mini-thoracotomy. A step-by-step approach using a balanced combination of regional and general anaesthesia, controlled fluid administration, norepinephrine and inhaled nitric oxide preserved a stable circulation even during one-lung ventilation. The diagnostic value of lung biopsy must be weighed against the possibility of life-threatening haemorrhage.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/13. Anaesthesia for cholecystectomy in two non-parturients with Eisenmenger's syndrome.Eisenmenger's syndrome consists of high pulmonary vascular resistance with reversed or bidirectional shunt at aortopulmonary, ventricular or atrial level. We describe the anaesthetic management of two adult females with Eisenmenger's syndrome admitted for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. One patient suffered post-operative complications, but the other case was uncomplicated. We used sevoflurane and total intravenous anaesthesia to provide general anaesthesia. Both techniques were tolerated.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/13. General anaesthesia for emergency caesarian section in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome and pre-eclampsia.pregnancy is poorly tolerated in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome (ES) with maternal mortality of 30-50%. Physiological changes of pregnancy decreases systemic vascular resistance that further aggravates the bi-directional or right to left shunt associated with ES. When it occurs with eclampsia, the morbidity and mortality are even higher. We report a case of 30 weeks pregnant woman with ES, who underwent emergency caesarian section because of pre-eclampsia. The intra-operative course was uneventful but she died on the second post-operative day. Post-operatively she was managed by the cardiologist in the coronary care unit. The probable cause being that she was over transfused, as the fluid status was not assessed by any invasive monitoring (like CVP). It was concluded that patients should be monitored closely in the post-operative period in the intensive care unit with complete invasive monitoring for up to a week to prevent factors resulting in worsening of the shunt (such as fluid balance) and thromboembolic phenomenon.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/13. Peri-operative trans-oesophageal echocardiography and nitric oxide during general anaesthesia in a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome.We describe the peri-operative care of a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome presenting for laparotomy. These patients require techniques to prevent the potential increase in intracardiac shunt caused by anaesthesia, by minimising increases in pulmonary artery pressure and reductions in systemic vascular resistance. The successful use of combined epidural and general anaesthesia with elective use of inhaled nitric oxide as a pulmonary vasodilator, and intra-operative trans-oesophageal echocardiography is described.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/13. Caesarean section in undiagnosed Eisenmenger's syndrome. Report of a patient with a fatal outcome.An obstetric patient is described in whom the first sign of cardiac disease was unexplained hypoxaemia during emergency anaesthesia for antepartum haemorrhage, with an eventual fatal outcome. The case highlights the importance of patient information at the booking clinic, and the implications of a raised haemaglobin in early pregnancy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/13. Epidural anaesthesia for bilateral inguinal herniorrhaphy in Eisenmenger's syndrome.The successful management of a patient with Eisenmenger's syndrome undergoing bilateral herniorrhaphy is described, and some of the anaesthetic problems associated with this condition are considered. The case is reported because epidural anaesthesia is performed rarely in these patients. The use of subcutaneous heparin, the level of monitoring required, and the value of pulse oximetry are also discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/13. Anaesthesia for carotid body tumour resection in a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome. A case report.A patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome presented for removal of a carotid body tumour under general anaesthesia. The presentation and management of the case are described and some of the anaesthetic problems associated with these two uncommon conditions are discussed. The case is reported because of its rarity and because some of the complications of carotid body surgery may be particularly hazardous in the presence of the Eisenmenger syndrome. The importance of monitoring, of maintaining a stable heart rate and blood volume, and the danger of paradoxical systemic air embolism are stressed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = anaesthesia (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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