1/9. Reduction of epileptic seizures by reinforcement of bladder continence.Epileptic seizures and resulting incontinence of urine were effectively reduced by reinforcement of incompatible behaviour with individual programming within a general token economy system. Two treatment phases, including token and social reinforcement, during an 11 week period resulted in significant seizure reduction. Therapeutic gains were maintained in a 6 month follow-up.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/9. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus due to tentorial meningioma.Normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the associated triad of dementia, apraxic gait and urinary incontinence may be casued by various, sometimes unsuspected, lesions, usually those that block the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) around the tentorium. A 58-year-old woman with insidious onset of behaviour and gait problems had occult, normal-pressure hydrocephalus and a tentorial meningioma, resection of which produced complete recovery. This case demonstrates that a distinction must be made between the syndrome of normal-pressure hydrocephalus resulting from disturbance in CSF dynamics and the pathophysiologic features of the underlying lesion.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/9. Psychiatric disturbances in children with hamartomas: a neglected somatopsychic issue. A case report.To date, in publications on hamartomas, precocious puberty and laughing seizures have been discussed, but behavioural and cognitive abnormalities have been neglected. Therefore, we report a 14-year-old girl with a proven hamartoma, in which abnormalities of behaviour and cognition played an important role within the somatopsychic complex. In our patient, urinary incontinence during the seizures and psychiatric symptoms, such as eating disorder with obesity, school phobia, antisocial behaviour, withdrawal and cognitive problems (e.g. general slowness, deficiency of cognitive flexibility) came to the fore. The girl had not attended school regularly for almost 2 years, had stayed at home and was overtaxed psychosocially. The seizures and the urinary incontinence improved with drug treatment, but psychiatric difficulties increased and remained untreated until the girl came to a child psychiatric inpatient clinic where drug treatment and behavioural therapy were combined. During well-coordinated neurological and psychiatric treatment the laughing seizures (spontaneous, event-related, psychogenic) decreased and a considerable improvement in psychiatric and psychosocial problems was attained. Consequently, we recommend a close and timely integration of the psychiatric aspects in the treatment of children with hamartomas.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/9. Discreet products for children and teenagers with continence problems.The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services (Department of health, 2004a) estimates that 'at least 500,000 children suffer from nocturnal enuresis, and a significant number with daytime wetting and faecal incontinence'. The NSF also acknowledges that 'incontinence is distressing for children and young people; it can lead to bullying at school and cause emotional and behavioural problems'.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/9. Treating urinary incontinence in a head-injured adult.The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of four behavioural procedures in helping a head-injured adult to control diurnal and nocturnal enuresis. A multiple baseline, single subject research design was utilized to test the effectiveness of those procedures. Data were collected for a period of seven months, including four months of baseline and intervention, and three months of follow-up. Results showed that the frequency of urinary incidents was reduced to zero at the end of the treatment and follow-up periods. Implications of the research data for future studies about urinary incontinence in head-injured patients are discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/9. Operant management of the behavioural sequelae of Wilson's disease: a case report.An approach to the management of the behavioural manifestations of Wilson's disease by operant technique is outlined. There was considerable improvement in the patient's ability to perform autonomously on this program. When the contingencies were changed the patient's behaviour deteriorated markedly, thereby suggesting that improvement in behaviour was not due to medication alone.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/9. Continence promotion in adults with learning disabilities.Helping to reduce rates of incontinence among people with severe learning disabilities can have profound effects on their self-esteem and on unit running costs. This paper describes a hospital-based continence promotion programme for people with severe learning disabilities using a behavioural approach.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/9. fear of incontinence and its effects on a community-based rehabilitation programme after severe brain injury: successful remediation of escape behaviour using behaviour modification.The presence of continence problems following severe traumatic brain injury may be attributable to either organic or psychological factors. In the case of the latter this in turn may lead to the development of behaviours that result in avoidance of or escape from rehabilitation activities. In this paper, a single case study is described in which verbalized fear of incontinence prevented participation within a community rehabilitation programme. Assessment suggested that behaviours that led to escape from this programme were being maintained by negative reinforcement through reduction in anxiety associated with this activity. An intervention was implemented using graded exposure and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviour. Treatment led to a significant reduction in escape behaviour; this had been maintained and consolidated further at 9-month follow-up. However, no change occurred to the client's prompted self-ratings of anxiety. Reasons for the discrepancy between improvement in behaviour but not self-report are discussed. The potential limitations of using cognitive-behavioural therapy with some survivors of severe traumatic brain injury are also discussed. Finally, comments are made concerning the applicability of the treatment techniques described here in the modification of escape and avoidance behaviours that may be acquired following brain injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 15keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/9. Anoxic encephalopathy: a neurobehavioural study in rehabilitation.This study examined an operational conditioning paradigm designed to train procedural learning channels in a patient with anoxic encephalopathy. Prior to treatment the patient had been incontinent to bowel and bladder incontinent, minimally participant in daily activities and aggressive toward staff and residents for two years. Previous rehabilitation attempts had been unsuccessful in changing these behaviours. Based on the literature, it was hypothesized that through operant conditioning the patient could be trained on three behaviours: 1) bowel and bladder continence 2) activity level and 3) level of aggression. Results indicated that at a 4 month interval following the initial training, the patient had improved in all areas of functioning.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = behaviour (Clic here for more details about this article) |