1/10. Orbital arteriovenous malformation mimicking cavernous sinus dural arteriovenous malformation.AIMS: Orbital arteriovenous malformations (OAVM) are rare, mostly described with high flow characteristics. Two cases are reported with an OAVM of distinct haemodynamic abnormality. The clinical, angiographic features, and the management considerations are discussed. methods: Case review of two patients with dural AVM (DAVM) who presented to referral neuro-ophthalmology and endovascular services because of clinical symptoms and signs consistent with a cavernous sinus dural AVM. RESULTS: In each patient, superselective angiography revealed a small slow flow intraorbital shunt supplied by the ophthalmic artery. The transarterial and transvenous endovascular approaches to treat the malformation were partially successful. Although, the abnormal flow was reduced, complete closure of the DAVM could not be accomplished without significant risk of iatrogenic injury. Neither patient's vision improved after intervention. CONCLUSION: A DAVM in the orbit can cause similar clinical symptoms and signs to those associated with a cavernous sinus DAVM. Even with high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, only superselective angiography can identify this small intraorbital slow flow shunt. The location in the orbital apex and the small size precludes a surgical option for treatment. The transarterial and transvenous embolisation options are limited.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/10. endophthalmitis after cataract surgery in eyes with small pupils managed by sector iridectomy and polypropylene suture closure.Two patients with small pupils developed endophthalmitis following cataract surgery during which the small pupils were managed by sector iridectomy and closed with a polypropylene suture. Prior studies have reported that implantation of intraocular lenses (IOLs) with haptics made of polypropylene is associated with a higher risk of postoperative endophthalmitis than the use of IOLs with polymethylmethacrylate haptics. endophthalmitis in the two patients reported herein was managed successfully without removal of the polypropylene suture; vision returned to 20/60 in one patient and 20/30 in the other patient. iris retractors may represent a faster and safer alternative management option for small pupils than sector iridectomy closed with a polypropylene suture.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/10. Fibrous congenital iris membranes with pupillary distortion.BACKGROUND: In 1986 Cibis and associates described 2 children with a new type of congenital pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis that was unilateral, sporadic, and progressive. These membranes were different from the common congenital pupillary strands that extend from 1 portion of the iris collarette to another or from the iris collarette to a focal opacity on the anterior lens surface. They also differed from the stationary congenital hypertrophic pupillary membranes that partially occlude the pupil, originating from multiple sites on the iris collarette, but not attaching directly to the lens. CASE MATERIAL: The present report is an account of 7 additional infants with congenital iris membranes, similar to those reported by Cibis and associates, which caused pupillary distortion and were variably associated with adhesions to the lens, goniodysgenesis, and progressive occlusion or seclusion of the pupil. Six of the 7 patients required surgery to open their pupils for visual purposes or to abort angle closure glaucoma. A remarkable finding was that the lenses in the area of the newly created pupils were clear, allowing an unobstructed view of normal fundi. CONCLUSION: This type of fibrous congenital iris membrane is important to recognize because of its impact on vision and its tendency to progress toward pupillary occlusion. Timely surgical intervention can abort this progressive course and allow vision to be preserved.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/10. Angle closure glaucoma following pupillary block in an aphakic perfluoropropane gas-filled eye.We report the case of a 35-year-old aphakic patient who developed an intractable secondary glaucoma due to angle closure after pupillary block following the use of perfluoropropane (C3F8) gas at a nonexpansile concentration of 14%.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/10. Quantitative pupillometry, a new technology: normative data and preliminary observations in patients with acute head injury. Technical note.The authors prospectively used a new hand-held point-and-shoot pupillometer to assess pupillary function quantitatively. Repetitive measurements were initially made in more than 300 healthy volunteers ranging in age from 1 to 87 years, providing a total of 2,432 paired (alternative right eye, left eye) measurements under varying light conditions. The authors studied 17 patients undergoing a variety of nonintracranial, nonophthalmological, endoscopic, or surgical procedures and 20 seniors in a cardiology clinic to learn more about the effects of a variety of drugs. Additionally, the authors carried out detailed studies in 26 adults with acute severe head injury in whom intracranial pressure (ICP) was continuously monitored. Finally, five patients suffering from subarachnoid hemorrhage were also studied. Quantitative pupillary measurements could be reliably replicated in the study participants. In healthy volunteers the resting pupillary aperture averaged 4.1 mm and the minimal aperture after stimulation was 2.7 mm, resulting in a 34% change in pupil size. constriction velocity averaged 1.48 /- 0.33 mm/second. Pupillary symmetry was striking in both healthy volunteers and patients without intracranial or uncorrected visual acuity disorders. In the 2,432 paired measurements in healthy volunteers, constriction velocity was noted to fall below 0.85 mm/second on only 33 occasions and below 0.6 mm/second on eight occasions (< one in 310 observations). In outpatients, the reduction in constriction velocity was observed when either oral or intravenous narcotic agents and diazepam analogs were administered. These effects were transient and always symmetrical. Among the 26 patients with head injuries, eight were found to have elevations of ICP above 20 mm Hg and pupillary dynamics in each of these patients remained normal. In 13 patients with a midline shift greater than 3 mm, elevations of ICP above 20 mm Hg, when present for 15 minutes, were frequently associated with a reduction in constriction velocity on the side of the mass effect to below 0.6 mm/second (51% of 156 paired observations). In five patients with diffuse brain swelling but no midline shift, a reduction in constriction velocities did not generally occur until the ICP exceeded 30 mm Hg. Changes in the percentage of reduction from the resting state following stimulation were always greater than 10%, even in patients receiving large doses of morphine and propofol in whom the ICP was lower than 20 mm Hg. Asymmetry of pupillary size greater than 0.5 mm was observed infrequently (< 1%) in healthy volunteers and was rarely seen in head-injured patients unless the ICP exceeded 20 mm Hg. Pupillometry is a reliable technology capable of providing repetitive data on quantitative pupillary function in states of health and disease.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.016431974875852keywords = drug (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/10. Angle closure glaucoma following a combined blepharoplasty and ectropion repair.This paper reports an occurrence of angle closure glaucoma following a combined blepharoplasty and ectropion repair. We are unaware of any previous reports of such an incident. Specific to this case was the coexistence of a cataract that contributed to the narrowing of the anterior chamber. This condition, along with pupil dilation secondary to the anesthetic, precipitated a phacomorphic angle closure glaucoma attack, necessitating emergency cataract surgery. Because other procedures involve pupillary dilation as a potential side effect, we recommend an increased awareness of this potential postoperative complication.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/10. Congenital pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis.BACKGROUND: A unilateral congenital pupil-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis syndrome, not benign tunica vasculosa lentis, was first described by Cibis et al. One of three cases developed angle closure. Robb described catastrophic vision loss from angle closure in one of his seven cases. methods: We did a retrospective review of previously unreported cases of pupil-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis seen in our practices. RESULTS: We report the clinical spectrum of a further nine cases, three of which needed surgery for angle closure, two of which needed surgery for clearing the visual axis. CONCLUSION: Congenital pupil-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis is a unilateral membrane clearly differentiated from benign persistent tunica vasculosa lentis tissue. The membrane represents ectopic iris on the lens with abnormal iris stroma and chamber angle from aberrant induction, migration, or regression of neural crest cells. The membrane can be progressive. Catastrophic vision loss from angle closure can occur and may be controlled with surgery. Surgery may be needed to open the visual axis even when glaucoma is not present and may prevent angle closure.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/10. Visual side-effects from transdermal scopolamine (hyoscine).Transdermal scopolamine may be used to reduce drooling in children with disabilities. Side-effects include dilated pupils and a reduction in the near point of accommodation (the closest point at which clear vision is possible). Two male children with epilepsy, one with spinal dysraphism (aged 7y 6mo) and one with cerebral palsy (aged 5y 8mo), who have undergone treatment for drooling with transdermal scopolamine are described. Near visual acuity was reduced, and both children showed dilated pupils with reduced or no response to light. These responses became normal on cessation of the scopolamine patch. As the effect of this drug may be cumulative, and many patients are unable to communicate difficulties, clinicians need to be aware of these possible side-effects.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.016431974875852keywords = drug (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/10. Pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis: a case report.We describe a rare case of pupillary-iris-lens membrane with goniodysgenesis, a unilateral neurocristopathy. The membrane represents ectopic iris on the lens with abnormal iris stroma and anterior chamber angle from aberrant induction, migration or regression of neural crest cells. The membrane can be progressive. Catastrophic vision loss from angle closure can occur and may be controlled with surgery. This subject needed treatment for amblyopia.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/10. Ultrasound biomicroscopic findings in humans with shallow anterior chamber and increased intraocular pressure after the prone provocation test.PURPOSE: To investigate ultrasound biomicroscopic findings in human eyes with shallow anterior chamber and risk of anterior chamber angle-closure glaucoma after the prone provocation test. methods: A total of 32 consecutive patients (64 eyes) with bilateral shallow anterior chamber who were at risk for primary angle-closure glaucoma underwent the prone provocation test in a lit room. Before and immediately after measurement of intraocular pressure in this test, high-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy was performed in the horizontal and vertical directions, and the chamber angle views were recorded at the 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-o'clock positions. RESULTS: Ten eyes of six patients exhibited an increase in intraocular pressure of 8 mm Hg or more, a positive response, with the remainder showing a negative response to the test. In the eyes with a positive response to the test, the profile of the iris showed a markedly convex shape with a large space behind the posterior iris. However, the anterior chamber angle of each eye remained open, even during the high level of intraocular pressure caused by the provocation. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that no angle closure occurs during the initial increase of intraocular pressure after the prone provocation test. Such an initial increase of intraocular pressure was associated with high pressure in the posterior chamber because of the relative pupillary block. A time lag was observed between the high intraocular pressure caused by the pupillary block and the occurrence of angle closure.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = closure (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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