1/48. pregnancy following the laparoscopic bipolar electrocoagulation of polycystic ovaries resistant to medicamentous ovulation induction--a case report.The case of a primarily infertile patient with polycystic ovaries (PCOS) resistant to medicamentous ovulation induction is presented. The preoperative condition, laparoscopic ovarian drilling using an original technique of bipolar electrocoagulation and consecutive spontaneous pregnancy and delivery are described. This case suggests that bipolar forceps with jaws 1 mm wide could be a useful instrument for laparoscopic ovarian drilling.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/48. The use of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists in polycystic ovarian disease.Polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) is characterized by anovulation, eventually high luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, with increased LH pulse frequency, and hyperandrogenism. As the aetiology of the disease is still unknown, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists, competitive inhibitors of GnRH for its receptor, are interesting tools in order to study and treat the role of increased LH levels and pulse frequency in this disease. Their administration provokes a rapid decrease in bioactive and immunoactive LH followed by a slower decrease in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In patients with PCOD, the suppression of gonadotrophin secretion eradicates the symptoms of the disease as long as the treatment lasts. Several authors have suggested that increased plasma LH levels have deleterious effects on the fertility of women with PCOD. Indeed, fewer spontaneous pregnancies with more miscarriages are observed when plasma LH levels are high. Assisted reproduction techniques such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) have provided other clues to the role of the LH secretory pattern in women with PCOD. The number of oocytes retrieved, the fertilization rate and the cleavage rate are lower in PCOD patients undergoing IVF and this is inversely correlated with FSH:LH ratio. These abnormalities are corrected when endogenous secretion of LH is suppressed. On the other hand, implantation and pregnancy rates after IVF are similar to those observed in control women. New GnRH antagonists are devoid of side effects and suppress LH secretion within a few hours without a flare-up effect. This action lasts for 10-100 hours. When GnRH antagonists are associated with i.v. pulsatile GnRH, this combination both suppresses the effect of endogenous GnRH and because of the competition for GnRH receptors restores a normal frequency of LH secretion. We have studied two women with PCOD, administering first 10 mg s.c. every 72 hours for 7 days of the GnRH antagonist Nal-Glu, then adding on top i.v. pulsatile GnRH: 10 micrograms/pulse every 90 minutes for 15 days. We thus succeeded in normalizing LH secretion pattern and observed a significant decline in testosterone levels. We failed to induce appropriate ovarian response and ovulation. In conclusion, the combination of GnRH antagonist and GnRH pulsatile treatment can re-establish normal LH secretory pattern in patients with PCOD. The failure to induce ovulation with this regimen suggests the existence of an inherent ovarian defect in women with PCOD.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/48. association of metformin and pregnancy in the polycystic ovary syndrome. A report of three cases.BACKGROUND: infertility is a common manifestation of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition characterized by chronic anovulation, hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Hyperinsulinemia leads to increased ovarian androgen production, resulting in follicular atresia and anovulation. metformin, a medication that improves insulin sensitivity and decreases serum insulin levels, restores menstrual cyclicity and ovulatory function and may improve fertility rates in women with PCOS. We present three consecutive cases from our clinic that support this premise. CASES: Three patients were seen in the reproductive endocrinology clinic with documented PCOS, long-standing infertility and clinically diagnosed insulin resistance. The first patient had hyperandrogenic, insulin-resistant acanthosis nigricans syndrome and had been resistant to multiple courses of clomiphene citrate; the second exhibited hypertension, hyperlipidemia and glucose intolerance along with anovulation; and the third presented with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and a desire to conceive. Each patient received metformin, which led to restoration of menstrual cyclicity and conception in all three cases. CONCLUSION: These three patients reflect the heterogeneous nature of PCOS, and treating their underlying insulin resistance with metformin resulted in pregnancy. These findings suggest that metformin may be a useful adjunct for treatment of infertility in patients with PCOS.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/48. polycystic ovary syndrome, infertility, familial thrombophilia, familial hypofibrinolysis, recurrent loss of in vitro fertilized embryos, and miscarriage.OBJECTIVE: To study reversible determinants of infertility and recurrent loss of transferred embryos after failure of 7 of 10 embryo transfers, 1 live birth, and 2 miscarriages. DESIGN: Measures of thrombophilia, hypofibrinolysis, reproductive hormones, and androgenic steroids before and after metformin therapy. SETTING: Outpatient clinical research center. PATIENT(S): A 32-year-old amenorrheic, infertile woman with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) who had 7 of 10 embryo transfers fail, 1 premature live birth, and 2 miscarriages at 8 and 17 weeks. INTERVENTION(S): metformin (2.55 g/d) was given to ameliorate the endocrinopathy of PCOS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Coagulation, insulin, reproductive hormones, and androgenic steroids. RESULT(S): The propositus had thrombophilia (familial protein s deficiency [free protein S 32%; normal >/=65%]). She also had familial hypofibrinolysis with 4G4G polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) gene and high PAI-1 activity (PAI-Fx), 42.5 U/mL, normal <21.1. polycystic ovary syndrome was characterized by amenorrhea, polycystic ovaries, high fasting serum insulin (39 microU/mL, normal <20), androstenedione (763 ng/dL, normal <250), and testosterone (229 ng/dL, normal <83). After she received metformin for 4 months, PAI-Fx normalized (12.4 U/mL), as did insulin (12 microU/mL), androstenedione (185 ng/dL), and testosterone (39 ng/dL); weight fell from 109 to 91.3 kg (16%). CONCLUSION(S): metformin reversed the endocrinopathy of PCOS. Familial thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis may lead to thrombosis-mediated uteroplacental vascular insufficiency, failure to achieve pregnancy after embryo transfer, and miscarriage.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/48. Combined bilateral ectopic and intrauterine pregnancy following ovulation induction with the low-dose step-up protocol in a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome.A woman with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) developed bilateral tubal and an intrauterine pregnancy following ovulation induction with urinary FSH using the low-dose step-up protocol. After a spontaneous miscarriage she was treated by laparoscopic left salpingectomy and right linear salpingotomy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/48. pregnancy and delivery after cryopreservation of zygotes produced by in-vitro matured oocytes retrieved from a woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome.This case report describes the birth of a healthy infant after cryopreservation of zygotes produced by in-vitro matured oocytes retrieved from an anovulatory woman with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). To initiate the treatment cycle, the patient received intravaginal progesterone at night for 10 days to induce a withdrawal bleed. oocyte retrieval was performed on day 11 following a withdrawal bleed. The patient was administered 10,000 IU of HCG subcutaneously 36 h prior to oocyte collection. A total of 63 immature oocytes were obtained; 10 were morphologically abnormal. Following incubation for 24--48 h in the maturation medium, TC-199 supplemented with 20% patient's own serum, 75 mIU/ml FSH and LH, 77.4% (41/53) of the oocytes were at the metaphase-II stage. Thirty-one (31/41, 75.6%) were fertilized using ICSI with her husband's spermatozoa, 15 fertilized oocytes were cultured for embryo transfer and 16 were frozen at the pronuclear stage. pregnancy ensued following fresh embryo transfer. Unfortunately, the pregnancy was miscarried eight weeks later. However, the second frozen-thawed embryo transfer attempt resulted in a full-term pregnancy with delivery of a healthy male infant.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/48. Improvement in insulin sensitivity followed by ovulation and pregnancy in a woman with polycystic ovary syndrome who was treated with rosiglitazone.OBJECTIVE: To determine the metabolic and reproductive effectiveness of rosiglitazone in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Academic clinical practice and General Clinical research Center. PATIENT(S): A 25-year-old woman with PCOS. INTERVENTION(S): Rosiglitazone maleate, 4 mg daily for 5 months until conception. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Insulin sensitivity by steady-state plasma glucose technique; serum androgens, progesterone, and hCG; and pelvic ultrasound images. RESULT(S): Rosiglitazone treatment for 5 months improved insulin sensitivity, lowered serum free testosterone, and resulted in spontaneous ovulation and conception. CONCLUSION(S): Rosiglitazone is a promising insulin sensitizer for treatment of PCOS. Clinical trials are warranted.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/48. Anovulatory infertility: a report of four cases and literature review.Four cases of anovulatory/dysovulatory infertility encountered in Ilorin, nigeria are presented and the literature extensively reviewed on the up-to-date management of this aspect of infertility. All the patients had bilateral tubal patency on hysterosalpingography (HSG) and their husbands had normal seminal fluid analysis. The first case, 30 years of age, had hyperprolactinaemia with galactorrhoea, treated with bromocriptine given 2.5 mg twice daily. Another case, aged 27 years, had polycystic ovarian syndrome with hyperprolactinaemia but no galactorrhea This was treated with clomiphene citrate 100 mg daily. The third case, 34 years old, had hypothyroidism with hyperprolactinaemia and galactorrhea and was treated with thyroxine. The last case, aged 32 years, had hyperprolactinaemia and was treated with bromocriptine and clomiphene citrate. None of the patients had demonstrable pituitary adenoma. After the appropriate treatment, ovulatory menses were restored in all the patients; two have been pregnant, while the other two have not yet achieved pregnancy but have having regular ovulatory menses. All the patients are Nigerians.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/48. blastocyst development and pregnancies after IVF of mature oocytes retrieved from unstimulated patients with PCOS after in-vivo HCG priming.A major side-effect of controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). In-vitro maturation (IVM) of immature oocytes represents a potential alternative for the fertility treatment of these patients. Two patients at high risk of OHSS were primed with 10,000 IU HCG 36 h before oocyte retrieval. After retrieval, oocyte maturity was evaluated. oocytes considered to be mature at the time of collection were inseminated by IVF or ICSI, and the resulting embryos were cultured to blastocysts. Transfer of these blastocysts resulted in pregnancy in both patients. Immature oocytes were cultured in YS medium supplemented with 30% human follicular fluid, 1 IU/ml rFSH, 10 IU/ml HCG and 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (rhEGF). After in-vitro maturation of the oocytes, ICSI was performed. Two and five expanded blastocysts were obtained after 5 day culture and were cryopreserved. This report indicates that mature oocytes can be collected at the time of retrieval using only in-vivo HCG priming in women with PCOS, and clinical pregnancy can be established by transfer of blastocysts derived from the mature oocytes. This approach opens a potential for a new dimension in the management of patients with PCOS.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/48. Successful pregnancy resulting from in-vitro matured oocytes retrieved at laparoscopic surgery in a patient with polycystic ovary syndrome: case report.Combined laparoscopic retrieval of immature oocytes and ovarian electrocautery represents a new management in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), one of the most prevalent endocrinopathies associated with anovulatory infertility. A 31-year-old para II presented with anovulatory, clomiphene-resistant PCOS, and a 6 year history of infertility. Conventional IVF treatment was abandoned in 1999 when she developed severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) following gonadotrophin stimulation. Sixteen oocytes were aspirated from both ovaries and collected in culture tubes containing a maturation medium. A total of three 2-cell embryos were transferred 48 h after ICSI. Two weeks after embryo transfer the urinary pregnancy test was positive and after another 2 weeks an ongoing singleton pregnancy with a fetal heartbeat was confirmed at transvaginal ultrasound examination. The combination of laparoscopy, in-vitro maturation and ICSI may open up new therapeutic strategies, even in patients without PCOS and regular menstrual cycles, undergoing laparoscopy for other causes of infertility such as tubal factors and endometriosis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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