what is the Reason of hyperbilirubinemia in neonate and preterm?

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Infant's have immature livers that are unable to synthesize the breakdown of red blood cells. Therefore, the waste byproduct of red blood cell breakdown is bilirubin. This builds up in the bloodstream and infants need to excrete it via stool/urine. Therefore, bili lights are necessary and adequate hydration.  (+ info)

what are the manifestations of a newborn who has hyperbilirubinemia or jaundice??

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what are also its diagnostic exams/tests????????????
They have yellowish tinge skin that starts from forehead down to the extremities.Sclera is yellow. Test include total bilirubin,direct and indirect,CBC is also taken to check if infection was the caused of jaundiced and blood typing to check for ABO incompatibility.  (+ info)

what are the resources for families that's dealing with a child with hyperbilirubinemia?

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http://guam-dl.slis.ua.edu/patientinfo/gastroenterology/hepatic/hepatic/hyperbilirubinemia.htm

http://www.kaiserpermanente.org/kpweb/healthency.do?hwid=hw164159§ionId=hw164161&contextId=hw42229

http://healthresources.caremark.com/topic/topic100587207

http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/screen/BrowseAny;jsessionid=E1702A6D710036E1EA0EDCF0BF1BEF07?path=%2Fbrowse%2Fby-condition%2Faz%2FH%2FD006932%2BHyperbilirubinemia&recruiting=false

http://www.chw.org/display/PPF/DocID/23394/router.asp  (+ info)

What is "hyperbilirubinemia"?

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i need the answer of the ff:
Diagnosis / history
nursing intervention
management
sign / symptom
What is hyperbilirubinemia?
Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood. When red blood cells break down, a substance called bilirubin is formed. Babies are not easily able to get rid of the bilirubin and it can build up in the blood and other tissues and fluids of the baby's body. This is called hyperbilirubinemia. Because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of the baby's skin and tissues. This is called jaundice.
Depending on the cause of the hyperbilirubinemia, jaundice may appear at birth or at any time afterward.


What are the symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia?
The following are the most common symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia. However, each baby may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
yellow coloring of the baby's skin (usually beginning on the face and moving down the body)
poor feeding or lethargy
The symptoms of hyperbilirubinemia may resemble other conditions or medical problems. Always consult your baby's physician for a diagnosis


How is hyperbilirubinemia diagnosed?
The timing of the appearance of jaundice helps with the diagnosis. Jaundice appearing in the first 24 hours is quite serious and usually requires immediate treatment. When jaundice appears on the second or third day, it is usually "physiologic." However, it can be a more serious type of jaundice. When jaundice appears on the third day to the first week, it may be due to an infection. Later appearance of jaundice, in the second week, is often related to breast milk feedings, but may have other causes.



Diagnostic procedures for hyperbilirubinemia may include:
direct and indirect bilirubin levels
These reflect whether the bilirubin is bound with other substances by the liver so that it can be excreted (direct), or is circulating in the blood circulation (indirect).
red blood cell counts
blood type and testing for Rh incompatibility (Coomb's test


Management or Treatment for hyperbilirubinemia:
Specific treatment for hyperbilirubinemia will be determined by your baby's physician based on:
your baby's gestational age, overall health, and medical history
extent of the disease
your baby's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies
expectations for the course of the disease
your opinion or preference

Treatment depends on many factors, including the cause of the hyperbilirubinemia and the level of bilirubin. The goal is to keep the level of bilirubin from increasing to dangerous levels.

Treatment may include:
=phototherapy
Since bilirubin absorbs light, jaundice and increased bilirubin levels usually decrease when the baby is exposed to special blue spectrum lights. Phototherapy may take several hours to begin working and it is used throughout the day and night. The baby's position is changed to allow all of the skin to be exposed to the light. The baby's eyes must be protected and the temperature monitored during phototherapy. Blood levels of bilirubin are checked to monitor if the phototherapy is working.


=fiberoptic blanket
Another form of phototherapy is a fiberoptic blanket placed under the baby. This may be used alone or in combination with regular phototherapy.


=exchange transfusion to replace the baby's damaged blood with fresh blood
Exchange transfusion helps increase the red blood cell count and lower the levels of bilirubin. An exchange transfusion is done by alternating giving and withdrawing blood in small amounts through a vein or artery. Exchange transfusions may need to be repeated if the bilirubin levels remain high.
ceasing breastfeeding for one or two days

=Treatment of breast milk jaundice often requires stopping the breastfeeding for one to two days and giving the baby formula often helps lower the bilirubin levels. Breastfeeding can then be resumed

=treating any underlying cause of hyperbilirubinemia, such as infection


Nursing Interventions
Nurses are aware that confirmation of capillary bilirubin by venous sampling is not necessary and should not delay treatment of jaundice .The first line of treatment for most infants with jaundice requiring intervention is phototherapy.or bili light. The infant receiving phototherapy requires extra attention and care to the placement of lights to be therapeutic yet prevent chilling or burning the infant. Some infants may also benefit from a fiberoptic pad underneath them, especially in the breastfed infant who is encouraged to feed 8-12 times in 24 hours. Supplements are not normally needed and are discouraged as they interfere with breastfeeding. Infants in incubators may not receive the full benefit of phototherapy. Light irradiance should be measured and maintained according to hospital policy and an average reading from several areas above the infant recorded.

Nurses carefully document intake and output. Diapers of preterm or high-risk infants are weighed. All infants should be weighed unclothed daily, preferably on the same scale. Infants may develop skin breakdown when diapers are not used and become chilled if left on wet sheets. Therefore, linens should be changed frequently, ideally with each void.

Nursing assessment includes evidence of birth trauma, head size and presence of cephalohematoma, tachypnea, dyspnea, enlarged liver, lethargy, irritability, feeding and stooling, sleep patterns, and interaction with family. These observations are communicated with the nurse practitioners and physicians caring for these infants, as well as other nursing staff, to improve quality and continuity of care.

Serum bilirubin levels above 25 mg/dL or higher at any time is a medical emergency and the infant should be evaluated immediately for exchange transfusion. Infants receiving exchange transfusions receive individualized care in neonatal intensive care as the procedure is very time consuming and the infant needs close monitoring. Infants returning to the hospital after discharge with jaundice should not be detained in the emergency department as treatment may be delayed.  (+ info)

has any adult had hyperbilirubinemia?

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I'am 40 and my count came back 2.1 and they want me to have a untrasound , please let me know if anyone has done this. thanks
"Jaundice in an adult patient can be caused by a wide variety of benign or life-threatening disorders. Gallstone formation is the most common and benign process that causes jaundice; however, the differential diagnosis also includes serious conditions such as biliary tract infection, pancreatitis, and malignancies. The laboratory work-up should begin with a urine test for bilirubin, which indicates that hyperbilirubinemia is present. If the complete blood count and initial tests for liver function and infectious hepatitis are unrevealing, the work-up typically proceeds to abdominal imaging by ultrasonography or computed tomographic scanning."

An ultrasound is a painless and non-invasive way to visualize the liver and the biliary ducts for gallstones or other causes for this problem. Hope this helps.  (+ info)

what causes numbness and tingling in the fingers of individuals with untreated pernicious anemia?

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a. persistent hyperbilirubinemia
b.increasing acidosis affecting metabolism
c.vitamin b12 deficit causing peripheral nerve demyelination
d.multiple small vascular occlusions affecting peripheral nerves
  (+ info)

why cant i have sex?

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hi im kelly, im 25 years old when i was born my ovaries were removed therfore i never have a period iv'e never had female issues. until i tried to have sex i cant even get two inches in no matter how hard he pushes and belive me it'ss been painful im very low income and iv'e lost many relationships due to not being able to perform. so please i need help or advice iv'e never seen a gyno i dont know what to doi have recently got my medical records i was diagnosed with -ambigous genetalia, testicular feminzation,hyperbilirubinemia, and oral thrush i have no male parts, and a very shallow vagina i cant have sex i dont know why please help if you can thank you for reading this
  (+ info)

Warm liquid feeling in head?

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I was shocked to see this question posed by someone else! I've struggled with how to describe it...like a warm washcloth is laying on top of my head, and warm water dripping out of my left ear, only neither are present.

I do not take medication because I was diagnosed with GS (Gilberts Syndrome) or hyperbilirubinemia 13 years ago, and survive by watching my diet. Recently though, after giving birth to my fourth child, I was diagnosed with pigment stones in my gall bladder. I can't risk surgery because the gall bladder actually helps balance my GS, I think. I also don't want to give up any body parts, LOL!

I think there is a connect with the hyperbilirubinemia and this feeling, but I can't find it yet. And don't give me the pat answer of "go see your doctor". Most doctors WONT talk to me because they can't prescribe any drugs. It is really frustrating!
~You've ruled out the obvious, unless you can find a real doctor rather than the money-grubbing leaches you seem plagued with. Next step, look for a support group. There must be one nearby, or at least on line. You are not alone. Find compatriots who share the affliction. They're probably looking for you, too.

Not having been in your shoes, I wouldn't presume to put them on now to answer a question over which I am so blissfully ignorant. Unfortunately, most of the responses you get here, I suspect, won't be quite so honest.  (+ info)

Infant with jaundice nursing question:?

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The infant you are caring for has been diagnosed with hyperbilirubinemia. The parents will be
taking her home today, but must return to the lab tomorrow for a bilirubin level. To assist the
parents in providing the proper interventions at home, you comment:
a.“Feed the baby on demand. But if she is sleepy, wake her up every two to three hours to
eat.”
b.“Provide one ounce of D5W water to the infant every two hours.”
c.“Make sure she doesn’t have too many bowel movements. That could indicate a problem.”
d.None of the above.
  (+ info)

hiv ? what does this story means?

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Anonymous
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Re: Porn Stars Get HIV
04/16/04 05:19 PM Reply Quote



One 'positive' test for harmless anti bodies out of well over 20,000 porn stars who test monthly in ten years. Proof that 'AIDS' is not an std.


Factors Known to Cause
False Positive HIV Antibody Test Results

1.Anti-carbohydrate antibodies 52,19,13
2.Naturally-occurring antibodies 5,19
3.Passive immunization: receipt of gamma globulin or immune (as prophylaxis against infection which contains antibodies) 18, 26, 60, 4,
22, 42, 43, 13
4.Leprosy 2, 25
5.Tuberculosis 25
6.Mycobacterium avium 25
7.Systemic lupus erythematosus 15, 23
8.Renal (kidney) failure 48, 23, 13
9.Hemodialysis/renal failure 56, 16, 41, 10, 49
10.Alpha interferon therapy in hemodialysis patients 54
11.Flu 36
12.Flu vaccination 30, 11, 3, 20, 13, 43
13.Herpes simplex I 27
14.Herpes simplex II 11
15.Upper respiratory tract infection (cold or flu) 11
16.Recent viral infection or exposure to viral vaccines 11
17.Pregnancy in multiparous women 58, 53, 13, 43, 36
18.Malaria 6, 12
19.High levels of circulating immune complexes 6, 33
20.Hypergammaglobulinemia (high levels of antibodies) 40, 33
21.False positives on other tests, including RPR (rapid plasma
reagent) test for syphilis 17, 48, 33, 10, 49
22.Rheumatoid arthritis 36
23.Hepatitis B vaccination 28, 21, 40, 43
24.Tetanus vaccination 40
25.Organ transplantation 1, 36
26.Renal transplantation 35, 9, 48, 13, 56
27.Anti-lymphocyte antibodies 56, 31
28.Anti-collagen antibodies (found in gay men, haemophiliacs, Africans of both sexes and people with leprosy) 31
29.Serum-positive for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibody (both found in rheumatoid arthritis and other autoantibodies) 14, 62, 53
30.Autoimmune diseases 44, 29, 1O, 40, 49, 43
31.Systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, connective tissue disease, dermatomyositis Acute viral infections, DNA viral infections 59,
48, 43, 53, 40, 13
32.Malignant neoplasms (cancers) 40
33.Alcoholic hepatitis/alcoholic liver disease 32, 48, 40, 10, 13, 49, 43, 53
34.Primary sclerosing cholangitis 48, 53
35.Hepatitis 54
36."Sticky" blood (in Africans) 38, 34, 40
37.Antibodies with a high affinity for polystyrene (used in the test kits) 62, 40, 3
38.Blood transfusions, multiple blood transfusions 63, 36, 13, 49, 43, 41
39.Multiple myeloma 10, 43, 53
40.HLA antibodies (to Class I and II leukocyte antigens) 7, 46, 63, 48, 10, 13, 49, 43, 53
41.Anti-smooth muscle antibody 48
42.Anti-parietal cell antibody 48
43.Anti-hepatitis A IgM (antibody) 48
44.Anti-Hbc IgM 48
45.Administration of human immunoglobulin preparations pooled before 1985 10
46.Haemophilia 10, 49
47.Haematologic malignant disorders/lymphoma 43, 53, 9, 48, 13
48.Primary biliary cirrhosis 43, 53, 13, 48
49.Stevens-Johnson syndrome 9, 48, 13
50.Q-fever with associated hepatitis 61
51.Heat-treated specimens 51, 57, 24, 49, 48
52.Lipemic serum (blood with high levels of fat or lipids) 49
53.Haemolyzed serum (blood where haemoglobin is separated from red cells) 49
54.Hyperbilirubinemia 10, 13
55.Globulins produced during polyclonal gammopathies (which are seen in AIDS risk groups) 10, 13, 48 cross-reactions 10
57.Normal human ribonucleoproteins 48, 13
58.Other retroviruses 8, 55, 14, 48, 13
59.Anti-mitochondrial antibodies 48, 13
60.Anti-nuclear antibodies 48, 13, 53
61.Anti-microsomal antibodies 34
62.T-cell leukocyte antigen antibodies 48, 13
63.Proteins on the filter paper 13
64.Epstein-Barr virus 37
65.Visceral leishmaniasis 45
66.Receptive anal sex 39, 64

Christine Johnson, a researcher and author, compiled this list of conditions documented in the scientific literature to cause positives on HIV
tests, and provides references for each condition.

Christine notes:

"Just because something is on this list doesn't mean that it will definitely, or even probably, cause a false-positive. It depends on what
antibodies the individual carries as well as the characteristics of each particular test kit.

For instance, some, but not all people who have had blood transfusions,
prior pregnancies or an organ transplant will make HLA antibodies. And some, but not all test kits (both ELISA and Western blot) will be
contaminated with HLA antigens to which these antibodies can react. Only if these two conditions coincide might you get a false-positive
due to HLA cross-reactivity.

There are conditions that are more likely than others to cause false-positives. And there are some conditions that we aren't aware of yet which
may be documented in the future to cause false-positives. Some of the factors on the list have been documented only for ELISA, while some
have been documented for both ELISA and Western blot (WB) tests.

People may be eager to argue that if a factor is only known to cause false-positives on ELISA, this problem won't be carried over to the
WB. But remember, a WB is positive by virtue of accumulating enough individual positive bands to add up to the total required by whatever
criteria is used to interpret it 39. So the more exposure a person has had
to foreign antigens, proteins and infectious agents, the more various antibodies he or she will have in their system, and the more likely it is
that there will be several cross-reacting antibodies, enough to make the WB positive.

It is to be noted that all AIDS risk groups (and Africans as well), but not the general US or Western European population, have this problem
in common: they have been exposed to a plethora of foreign antigens and proteins. This is why people in the AIDS "risk groups" tend to
have positive WBs (i.e., to be considered "HIV-infected") and people in the
population don't. However, even people in low-risk populations have false-positive Western blots for poorly understood reasons 47.

Since false-positives to every single HIV protein have been documented 36, how do we know if the positive WB bands represent the various
proteins to HIV, or a collection of false-positive bands reacting to several different non-HIV antibodies?"




Post Extras:


Entire thread
Subject Posted by Posted on
hiv test nomoreworry4me 01/19/08 06:24 PM
I"M NEG woo hoo just wanted to know what does this mean,,
There's a bunch of people out there who variously believe that HIV does not cause AIDS, or that AIDS does not exist, or that HIV is not sexually transmitted. They have been well and truly refuted on all counts.

They make pests of themselves by spamming various websites and bulletin boards with long copy and paste posts, mostly taken from two or three AIDS denialist websites. They attacked Yahoo answers for a few months last year. It looks like they're still spamming boards with the same stuff. The numbers in this post originally referred to footnotes, but the text has been copied and pasted so many times that the footnotes have disappeared from most versions.

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It is true that false positive ELISA tests for HIV occur - about 3 in 1000 tests give a false positive. The list is of apparent causes for these false positives.

Positive ELISA tests are always followed up by a confirmatory test - usually a Western Blot or similar. A diagnosis of HIV infection is only made if both tests are positive. The rate of false diagnoses using both tests together is extremely low.

Negative ELISA tests by themselves, however, are quite reliable, so long as they are done after the window period (13 weeks).  (+ info)

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