1/11. Radiofrequency lesions of the dorsal root ganglion in the treatment of hip flexor spasm: a report of two cases.The current popular model of spasticity is that the abnormalities are primarily due to increased sensitivity of the reflex are at the segmental level of the spinal cord. neurosurgical procedures, such as open selective dorsal rhizotomy for the reduction of spasticity, have been based on this assumption. We describe two patients with hip flexor spasm of different origin treated with radiofrequency lesions of the dorsal root ganglion.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/11. Improvement of severe trunk spasms by bilateral high-frequency stimulation of the motor thalamus in a patient with chorea-acanthocytosis.We report on a patient with a severe form of chorea-acanthocytosis, intractable to medical treatment, who benefited from bilateral high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the posterior ventral oral nucleus of the thalamus. The frequency of trunk spasms dramatically decreased after surgery and the clinical benefit remained stable 1 year later. However, no clear effect was observed on dysarthria nor on hypotonia, which always impaired gait. We propose that HFS of the motor thalamus is a potential treatment for choreic or truncal dystonic symptoms whenever hypotonia is not the main feature of the syndrome.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/11. blepharospasm hemifacial spasm and tremors possibly due to isolated caudate nucleus lesions.Isolated caudate nucleus lesions have only rarely been documented to cause focal extrapyramidal dysfunction. Two cases with possible infarcts in the head of left caudate nucleus presenting with contralateral tremors and blepharospasm with hemifacial spasm are reported. The possible mechanisms for such a presentation are discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.46088744303317keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/11. Hemimasticatory spasm: clinical and electrophysiologic observations.Hemimasticatory spasm is a rare disorder of the trigeminal nerve that produces involuntary jaw closure due to paroxysmal unilateral contraction of jaw-closing muscles. We report three patients with this disorder. Electrophysiologic studies demonstrated normal blink and masseter reflexes. The masseter inhibitory reflex was absent during periods of spasm. Needle electromyography demonstrated irregular bursts of motor unit potentials that were identical to the pattern observed in hemifacial spasm. The electrophysiologic findings suggest ectopic excitation of the trigeminal motor root or its nucleus, an abnormality that is analogous to ectopic excitation of the facial nerve in hemifacial spasm. One patient improved temporarily with surgery, one improved while on treatment with carbamazepine, and another responded favorably to botulinum toxin injection.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/11. Camptocormia: pathogenesis, classification, and response to therapy.Originally considered a psychogenic disorder, camptocormia, an abnormal posture with marked flexion of thoracolumbar spine that abates in the recumbent position, is becoming an increasingly recognized feature of parkinsonian and dystonic disorders. Prior reports were limited by sample size, short follow-up, and paucity of data on response to therapy. The authors reviewed 16 patients evaluated in their PD Center and movement disorders Clinic diagnosed with camptocormia. In addition to detailed neurologic assessment all patients were videotaped. The mean age was 64.9 /- 17.4 years, mean age at onset of neurologic symptoms was 51.5 /- 19.9 years, duration from onset of neurologic symptoms to development of camptocormia was 6.7 /- 7.6 years, and the mean duration of camptocormia was 4.5 /- 3.9 years. Of the 16 patients, 11 (68.8%) had Parkinson disease (PD); others had dystonia (n = 4) and tourette syndrome (n = 1). Twelve patients received levodopa, with minimal or no improvement in the camptocormia. Nine patients received botulinum toxin type A injections into the rectus abdominus, with notable improvement in their camptocormia in four. One patient underwent bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation for PD, but there was no improvement in camptocormia. Based on this series and a thorough review of the literature of camptocormia, head drop, and bent spine syndrome, the authors propose etiologic classification of camptocormia and conclude that this heterogeneous disorder has multiple etiologies and variable response to systemic and local therapies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/11. hemifacial spasm. Occurrence in multiple sclerosis.We present six patients with hemifacial spasm and multiple sclerosis. To our knowledge, this association has not been described previously in the North American literature. magnetic resonance imaging was obtained in all the patients and plaques consistent with multiple sclerosis were identified. In two patients the plaques were seen in the area of the facial nucleus on the involved side. We suggest that hemifacial spasm can be a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. These cases illustrate the utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the investigation of hemifacial spasm. Our findings also support a central (nuclear) origin in multiple sclerosis associated with hemifacial spasm.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/11. Primary CNS lymphoma presenting as a choreic movement disorder followed by segmental dystonia.Clinical presentation of primary CNS lymphoma with an extrapyramidal movement disorder has not been recorded. A 66-year-old woman presented with chorea involving her left arm and subsequently developed right-sided segmental dystonia with prominent hemifacial dystonic spasms, milder torticollis and dystonia of the right arm. Investigations revealed primary CNS lymphoma with extensive involvement of the right-sided basal ganglia as well as lesions confined to the head of the left caudate nucleus and the corpus callosum. chorea of her left arm subsided with progressing disease while remission of right-sided segmental dystonia was observed following radiotherapy of the brain. This patient's findings and a review of the literature suggest a possible relation between cranio-cervical dystonia and pathology affecting the head of the caudate nucleus.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.15362914767772keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/11. Focal facial spasm.An unusual case of focal facial spasm modified by factors affecting the peripheral facial nerve was investigated in a 32-year-old woman with involuntary contractions at the left mouth and nasal area. Voluntary facial movements were normal. The involuntary spasms ceased with digital pressure over the facial nerve in the left stylomastoid area. A difference between voluntary and these involuntary facial movements occurred both with local anesthetic blockade and with crushing of the facial nerve. Blink reflexes demonstrated unilateral left synkinesis, and facial EMG showed clonic discharges and individual motor units that discharged rapidly (200 Hz). Treatment with diphenylhydantoin, carbamazepine, and prednisone was ineffective. Neurolysis of the peripheral facial nerve resulted in temporary relief, whereas biofeedback controlled the spasms. Focal facial spasms may represent a disorder of the facial nucleus influenced by both peripheral and central mechanisms.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/11. Dyspnoea during generalised spasms in tetraplegic patients.Dyspnoea during generalised spasms is reported in three tetraplegic patients. Intraoesophageal electromyographic evidence strongly suggests that the dyspnoea is a result of diaphragmatic spasms. Utilisation of this EMG technique in other tetraplegic patients may add to our knowledge of variations in the distribution of the phrenic nerve nucleus within the spinal cord.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.076814573838862keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/11. Spasms of the iris sphincter.A patient is described who suffered from intermittent spasms of the pupillary sphincter and ciliary muscle. Both intraocular muscles contracted several times a minute, producing sporadic darkening of vision in the affected eye. The spasms continued for eleven days, so it was possible to document them pupillographically. This curious phenomenon seems to have been the result of a transient "irritability" of the ciliary ganglion.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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