1/31. Mokola virus infection: description of recent South African cases and a review of the virus epidemiology.Five cases of Mokola virus, a lyssavirus related to rabies, are described. The cases occurred in cats from the East london, Pinetown and Pietermaritzburg areas of south africa from February 1996 to February 1998. Each of the cats was suspected of being rabid and their brains were submitted for laboratory confirmation. Four of the cases were positive, but with atypical fluorescence, and 1 was negative. Mokola virus infection was identified by anti-lyssavirus nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody typing. As in rabies cases, the predominant clinical signs were of unusual behaviour. aggression was present, but only during handling. Four of the 5 cats had been vaccinated for rabies, which is consistent with other studies that show that rabies vaccination does not appear to protect against Mokola virus. Since Mokola may be confused with rabies, the incidence of Mokola virus may be more common in Africa than is currently reported. As human infections may be fatal, the emergence of this virus is a potential threat to public health.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/31. Trucut needle biopsy through superior orbital fissure for the diagnosis of rabies.Necropsy diagnosis of rabies can be done by taking a brain biopsy specimen with a trucut needle inserted through the superior orbital fissure into the cranial cavity. This technique reduces the number of personnel who require post-exposure prophylaxis and avoids full necropsy if the deceased's relatives are opposed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/31. Correlation of clinical and neuroimaging findings in a case of rabies encephalitis.BACKGROUND: Rabies encephalitis is a feared, virtually uniformly fatal form of central nervous system infection. The incidence of rabies encephalitis in the united states is almost certainly underestimated because of the predominance of bat-borne rabies, which can be spread without traumatic exposure. Because of its rarity in developed countries, rabies encephalitis has been seldom studied with modern imaging techniques. SETTING: University-based teaching hospital. PATIENT: A case of pathologically confirmed rabies encephalitis is presented. diagnosis of rabies was made by seroconversion testing while the patient was alive and was confirmed postmortem by the presence of rabies antigens and Negri bodies in the brain. The patient had 2 magnetic resonance studies done that showed dramatic abnormalities in the medulla and pons that correlated with features of the neurologic examination and hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities. RESULT: The patient had a fulminant encephalitic course that ended in death. CONCLUSION: Rabies is an uncommon cause of fatal encephalitis. Anatomic imaging studies such as computed tomographic and magnetic resonance scans have generally been negative in confirmed cases of rabies. We report a case of confirmed rabies with extensive brainstem and hypothalamic-pituitary abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging. Although these findings are nonspecific, they should raise the clinical suspicion of rabies in the setting of aggressive encephalitis of unclear cause, and appropriate diagnostic tests should be performed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5.2070925396938keywords = central nervous system, brain, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/31. Gelastic epilepsy possibly following antirabies vaccine.A case of child with gelastic epilepsy following administration of antirabies vaccine is presented. No associated structural brain could be identified in the patient. Possibility of relationship between antirables vaccine and gelastic epilepsy is discussed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/31. Quantitative study of the infection in brain neurons in human rabies.rabies virus is a highly neuronotropic virus that causes encephalomyelitis. rabies virus infection was studied in neurons in the brain of an 8-year-old girl that died of rabies in mexico. The extent of the neuronal infection was evaluated quantitatively in neuronal cell types of the brain using histologic staining for Negri bodies and immunoperoxidase staining for rabies virus antigen in the same neurons. Quantitative image analysis was used to compare the amount of infection in five different neuronal cell types, which was expressed as a percentage of neuronal area. purkinje cells and periaqueductal gray neurons showed the largest percentage area for both Negri bodies and signal for rabies virus antigen. In general, there was a good linear relationship between the area of Negri bodies and the area of signal for rabies virus antigen. Many neurons with rabies virus antigen did not have Negri bodies, however, and some neurons with large antigen signals, especially purkinje cells and periaqueductal gray neurons, lacked Negri bodies. Formation of Negri bodies is likely influenced by factors that vary in different neuronal cell types.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/31. A local outbreak of paralytic rabies in Surinam children.A rapidly fatal encephalomyelitis, which was in most cases characterized by ascending paralysis, developed in seven children of the age of 3 to 10 years in a bushnegro village in the interior of Surinam. rabies virus was recovered from the central nervous system of three autopsied children. Although the source of infection has not been detected, there is an indication that, at least in some cases, the disease has been transmitted by rat-bite rather than by vampire bats. During the same period a few cases of minor febrile illness occurred in the same community. Since virological and serological evidence of a wide-spread distribution of Coxsackie A virus type 4 was obtained, the latter illness may presumably be attributed to this virus.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3.2070925396938keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/31. Clinical case of rabies in bulgaria.The history of a six-year-old girl, hospitalised in the Clinic of Infectious Diseases of the Medical University of Varna with diagnosed meningoencephalitis, obs. rabies, and epidemiological data of dog bite without adequate prophylaxis is presented. The clinical course was unusual: the symptoms of aero- and hydrophobia were not clearly demonstrated, choreic hyperkynesias, torsion seizures and high initial pleocytosis in cerebrospinal fluid were present. The pathological picture is described. Ethiological diagnosis was proven by immunofluorescence test of brain tissue.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/31. Bite by a dog under provocation: is it free from risk?There is a common belief that rabid dogs bite without provocation, hence a dog bite under provocation is free from the risk of rabies. This is not always true as is evident from the case report narrated below. Here in this article, a man of 38 years was bitten by a dog under provocation. He developed rabies 4 months after the bite and subsequently died. autopsy revealed Negri bodies from the brain tissue.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/31. Case report: isolation of a European bat lyssavirus type 2a from a fatal human case of rabies encephalitis.A 55-year-old bat conservationist was admitted to Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, scotland, on November 11, 2002, with an acute haematemesis. He gave a 5-day history of pain and paraesthesia in the left arm, followed by increasing weakness of his limbs with evidence of an evolving encephalitis with cerebellar involvement. The patient had never been vaccinated against rabies and did not receive postexposure treatment. Using a hemi-nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), saliva samples taken intravitam from different dates proved positive for rabies. A 400-bp region of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced for confirmation and identified a strain of European bat lyssavirus (EBLV) type 2a. The diagnosis was confirmed using the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and by RT-PCR on three brain samples (cerebellum, medulla, and hippocampus) taken at autopsy. In addition, a mouse inoculation test (MIT) was performed. Between 13 and 17 days postinfection, clinical signs of a rabies-like illness had developed in all five inoculated mice. brain smears from each infected animal were positive by the FAT and viable virus was isolated. This fatal incident is only the second confirmed case of an EBLV type-2 infection in a human after exposure to bats.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/31. First human death associated with raccoon rabies--virginia, 2003.Rabies is an acute, progressive, incurable viral encephalitis, caused by the bite of an infected animal. In March 2003, a previously healthy man aged 25 years from northern virginia died from a diagnosed illness of meningoencephalitis of unknown etiology after a 3-week illness. Histopathologic review of central nervous system tissues at CDC revealed viral inclusions suggestive of Negri bodies, and subsequent tests confirmed a diagnosis of rabies. Genetic sequencing identified a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons, but how the patient became infected remains unknown. This report summarizes the investigation of the first documented case of human rabies associated with a raccoon rabies virus variant in the united states and highlights the importance of continued education in the prevention and diagnosis of rabies.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3.2070925396938keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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