1/47. motor neuron disease-inclusion dementia presenting as cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration.The frontotemporal dementias are a group of relatively new and evolving clinical and pathologic entities. The predominant frontal-temporal atrophy causes a variety of clinical syndromes, usually dominated by disturbances in behavior, mood, and speech. The motor neuron disease-inclusion dementia (MNDID) subtype is characterized by the accumulation of specific intraneuronal ubiquitin-immunoreactive inclusions with the complete absence of tau immunoreactivity. We present a patient with the clinical and neuroimaging characteristics of a highly asymmetric neurodegenerative condition distinguished by limb rigidity, bradykinesia, dystonia with an alien limb phenomenon, cortical sensory findings, and limb apraxia. His premorbid diagnosis was cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration but he had the typical histologic features of a frontotemporal dementia of the MNDID subtype.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = basal ganglion, ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/47. Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration with Balint's syndrome.Corticobasal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD) is a neurodegenerative dementia characterized by asymmetric parkinsonism, ideomotor apraxia, myoclonus, dystonia, and the alien hand syndrome. This report describes a patient with CBGD who developed Balint's syndrome with simultanagnosia, oculomotor apraxia, and optic ataxia.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = basal ganglion, ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/47. Effects of stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar and lateralis posterior nucleus on intractable pain and dyskinetic syndromes of man.In a series of 18 patients suffering from intractable pain or different types of dyskinetic syndromes, 28 stereotactic lesions of the pulvinar, associated with six lesions of the laterlis posterior nucleus, have been performed. The evaluation of long-term results in intractable pain reduces the therapeutic benefit of the stereotactic pulvinolysis. Concerning dyskinetic syndromes, the pulvinar does not seem to play an important role in spasticity, while its role in other dyskinetic syndromes can be questionable.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.018102163635028keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/47. Post-stroke violent adventitial movement responsive to levo-dopa/carbi-dopa therapy.Previous reports in the literature concerning cerebrovascular accident have illustrated cases of post-stroke tremor. Treatments of these studies have varied. Trials of levo-dopa have been reported in two such cases. This case study reports on a case of a patient with a left thalamic, left superior cerebellar artery infarction with a lacunar infarction in the basal ganglia. The patient developed a violent tremor/movement disorder which was unresponsive to haloperidol. With this failure, and with the evidence of a basal ganglion lesion, levo-dopa/carbi-dopa was introduced as an intervention. The amplitude of the tremor was dramatically reduced, with protective devices removed, and with complete cessation of the tremor at rest. The medication was withdrawn and reintroduced with a reduction and subsequent resolution of the symptoms. A discussion of the previous studies of movement disorder with cerebrovascular accident is included.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = basal ganglion, ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/47. Delayed encephalopathy after strangling.An 11-year-old boy who had been the victim of a strangling attempt was asymptomatic for one week whereupon involuntary movements involving the trunk and limbs developed, along with repetitive episodes of opisthotonos and autonomic dysfunction. Meanwhile, he remained alert and appeared to be mentally intact. An electroencephalogram was normal. He died 13 weeks after the onset of the neurological disorder. The neuropathological examination showed cavitating lesions in the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus bilaterally, with sparing of the white matter. The delayed onset of a progressively evolving neurological disorder has been noted in various forms of hypoxicischemic insult, including previously reported cases of strangling, but its occurrence cannot be predicted from the preceding clinical state or course. In the cases in which abnormal movements have been predominant, the pathological findings have been similar despite diversity in the preceding circumstances. We suggest the underlying metabolic disorder common to these cases may be lactic acidosis, and that they should be studied for evidence of a biochemical defect.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.0036204327270056keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/47. The syndrome of acute bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uremic patients.Acute extrapyramidal movement disorders have rarely been reported in uremic patients. We had previously presented three cases of acute movement disorders with bilateral basal ganglia lesions in uremia, and had proposed that it is not a rare condition. The objective of this study is to establish a more accurate clinical profile of this rarely described clinical syndrome, and to call attention to its common occurrence. We prospectively studied six patients we encountered from March 1996 to June 2001. We also reviewed the clinical records of a large population of uremic patients and identified six more cases. The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, neuroimages, and clinical outcomes of these 12 patients were analyzed. When possible, each patient was followed up to the present time. Twelve patients had acute onset of movement disorders and bilateral basal ganglia lesions. All of the patients were diabetic. They had acute-onset Parkinsonism or dyskinesias, together with various symptoms such as consciousness disturbance, dysarthria, dysphagia, or ataxia. The main laboratory test results of abnormalities consisted of elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and metabolic acidosis. They had uniform neuroimaging findings of symmetrical bilateral basal ganglion changes. These changes regressed or disappeared during follow-up. The clinical prognoses were diverse. We believe that this group of patients represents a well-demarcated clinical syndrome, which is not uncommon but has previously been rarely addressed. The underlying mechanism of such lesions may be associated with metabolic, as well as vascular factors.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.2keywords = basal ganglion, ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/47. Ventral intermediate thalamotomy for posttraumatic hemiballismus.An unusual case of hemiballismus following closed head injury is presented. The abnormal movement persisted for 16 years despite medical treatment. Preoperative studies did not reveal a specific lesion within the subthalamic nucleus or within the basal ganglia. A stereotactic ventral intermediate thalamotomy was performed producing a complete resolution of the ballistic movement which persisted for the length of our 12-month follow-up.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.0036204327270056keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/47. Hemiballismus following general anesthesia. A case report.Hemiballismus is characterized by the abrupt onset of violent proximal flinging movements, affecting the limbs, neck and trunk on one side of the body. It is caused by the lesion in the region of the contralateral subthalamic nucleus of the Luys. Usually it is a self-limiting disease, lasting 6-8 weeks. A 49-year-old man has been admitted to the hospital after flinging movements of his right arm and the right side of the trunk occurred. A few days earlier he had undergone general anesthesia prior to a dental procedure. There was trouble in waking the patient afterwards. The movements lasted a few days. MRI of the brain revealed ischemic lesions areas in T2-weighted images localized in the region of globus pallidus bilaterally. EEG was abnormal, and showed slowed background activity with slow waves in left temporal lobe. He was treated with haloperidol, clonazepam and vasoactive medications. In spite of administered treatment, hemiballic movements reappeared occasionally. Due to increased frequency of the movements the patient was hospitalized again two years later. The second MRI revealed changes described earlier and a new ischaemic focus in left parietal lobe. Continuation of treatment with haloperidol was administered.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.0036204327270056keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/47. Cerebral neurocytoma without ganglion cell differentiation.Neurocytomas are rare neuronal tumours, and are defined as tumours comprising cells with neuronal differentiation; they commonly arise in the ventricles. We report a case of a cerebral neurocytoma in a young man who presented with hemiparesis. The tumour was a radiologically a well-circumscribed large cyst with solid mass; the histopathology showed a well-differentiated lesion comprising uniform, round cells with perinuclear halos in a neuropil background, and immunohistochemically positive for neuronal markers (synaptophysin, neuron-specific enolase and neurofilaments). We suggest that cerebral neurocytomas should be considered among the uncommon causes of a large intra-axial cystic mass with a solid component in young adults.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.21919735461391keywords = ganglion (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/47. The first evaluation of brain shift during functional neurosurgery by deformation field analysis.Stereotactic surgery is based on a high degree of accuracy in defining and localising intracranial targets and placing surgical tools. Brain shift can influence its accuracy significantly. deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can markedly change the quality of life of patients with advanced Parkinson's disease, but the outcome depends on the quality of electrode placement. A patient is reported in whom the placement of the second electrode was not successful. Deformation field analysis of pre- and postoperative three dimensional magnetic resonance images showed an intraoperative brain movement of 2 mm in the region of the subthalamic nucleus (the target point). Electrode repositioning resulted in efficient stimulation effects. This case report shows the need to reduce risk factors for intraoperative brain movement and demonstrates the ability of deformation field analysis to quantify this complication.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.0072408654540112keywords = nucleus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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