1/54. Posterior fossa epithelial cyst: case report and review of the literature.A 49-year old woman with progressive cranial nerve signs and hemiparesis was found at MR imaging and at surgery to have a cyst at the foramen magnum. immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy showed an epithelial cyst of endodermal origin. MR findings were of an extraaxial mass, with short T1 and T2 times. Unless immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy are used in the final diagnosis of such cysts, all posterior fossa cysts lined by a single layer of epithelium should be described simply as epithelial cysts.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/54. Unusual late responses in a patient with an arnold-chiari malformation.We studied a young man with spastic right hemiparesis, in whom supramaximal stimulation of the left posterior tibial nerve produced toe movements of the both feet and associated late responses in the flexor hallucis brevis muscle bilaterally. These findings indicate that, in this patient, there are central connections between peripheral afferents and contralateral alpha-motor neurons. It may be that such connections are normally present but that they are too weak in normal subjects to produce firing of the alpha-motor neurons by themselves. If so, the loss of cortical inhibition in our patient may have allowed these connections to produce movement.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/54. Aggravation of brainstem symptoms caused by a large superior cerebellar artery aneurysm after embolization by Guglielmi detachable coils--case report.An 81-year-old male presented with right oculomotor nerve paresis and left hemiparesis caused by a mass effect of a large superior cerebellar artery aneurysm. Endovascular treatment was performed using Guglielmi detachable coils. The patient subsequently suffered aggravation of the mass effect 3 weeks after the embolization. Bilateral vertebral artery occlusion was performed, which decreased the cerebral edema surrounding the aneurysm, but his neurological symptoms did not improve. Parent artery occlusion is recommended as the first choice of treatment for an unclippable large or giant aneurysm causing a mass effect on the brainstem.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/54. Weber's syndrome secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage.BACKGROUND: Since a large intracranial hemorrhage is a space-occupying mass, it may cause the brain to shift, resulting in neurologic deficits both at the location of the bleeding and at a site distal to the hemorrhage. A parietal lobe hemorrhage may push the brain downward, causing the uncus of the temporal lobe to herniate through the tentorial notch, compressing the midbrain. The signs of parietal lobe damage, uncal herniation, and several midbrain syndromes that effect ocular motility are discussed. CASE REPORT: A 66-year-old Hispanic man came to us with a history of a subarachnoid hemorrhage that involved the right parietal lobe. Several signs of damage to both the right parietal lobe and midbrain were evident, including an ipsilateral third nerve paresis with contralateral hemiplegia, Weber's syndrome. CONCLUSION: A patient who survives a subarachnoid hemorrhage may demonstrate permanent residual neurologic deficits subsequent to the acute event. The presentation is particularly complex when the hemorrhage is large and damage occurs at multiple locations. Damage at the level of the midbrain is evident when the findings include Weber's syndrome, which is one of several syndromes that involves the oculomotor nerve.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/54. Bilateral chronic subdural hematomas resulting in unilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and brain stem symptoms after operation--case report.An 85-year-old male presented with bilateral chronic subdural hematomas (CSDHs) resulting in unilateral oculomotor nerve paresis and brainstem symptoms immediately after removal of both hematomas in a single operation. Initial computed tomography on admission demonstrated marked thick bilateral hematomas buckling the brain parenchyma with a minimal midline shift. Almost simultaneous removal of the hematomas was performed with the left side was decompressed first with a time difference of at most 2 minutes. However, the patient developed right oculomotor nerve paresis, left hemiparesis, and consciousness disturbance after the operation. The relatively marked increase in pressure on the right side may have caused transient unilateral brain stem compression and herniation of unilateral medial temporal lobe during the short time between the right and left procedures. Another factor was the vulnerability of the oculomotor nerve resulting from posterior replacement of the brain stem and stretching of the oculomotor nerves as seen on sagittal magnetic resonance (MR) images. Axial MR images obtained at the same time demonstrated medial deflection of the distal oculomotor nerve after crossing the posterior cerebral artery, which indicates previous transient compression of the nerve and the brain stem. Gradual and symmetrical decompression without time lag is recommended for the treatment of huge bilateral CSDHs.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 10keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/54. gait analysis in stroke patients to assess treatments of foot-drop.By using the combined, computerized analysis of stroboscopic photography, pattern recognition devices, electromyography and foot switch outputs, gait patterns were studied in 15 stroke patients with foot-drop. Three patients were treated with a peroneal nerve stimulator for five weeks; six received intensive physical therapy; and six received both physical therapy and biofeedback training three times a week for five weeks. Each patient was examined at initial visit and after five weeks. Based upon case evaluations, both the patients with the stimulator treatment and those with biofeedback training showed and maintained improvement of gait pattern following the treatment period. This result suggests that the biofeedback and peroneal-stimulator technique may have a common mechanism that should be exploited in the rehabilitation of stroke patients.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/54. shoulder pain as an unusual presentation of pneumonia in a stroke patient: a case report.Etiologies of shoulder pain in the hemiplegic population, such as glenohumeral subluxation, frozen shoulder, and reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), have been described extensively. We present an 89-year-old woman with right hemiparesis secondary to ischemic lacunar infarction who developed sudden onset of right shoulder pain on the fifth day of inpatient rehabilitation. The pain was severe, limiting range of motion (ROM) and participation in therapy. Extensive investigations to rule out subluxation, fracture, connective tissue disease, RSD, and pulmonary embolism were negative. Ultimately, her shoulder pain and decreased ROM completely resolved with antibiotic treatment for right lower lobe pneumonia. We conclude that her symptoms were possibly referred pain from diaphragmatic irritation transmitted via right C4 sensory axons in the phrenic nerve, which shares the same dermatome as the right acromion area. This case was an unusual presentation of pneumonia in an elderly woman with hemiplegia. We recommend that pneumonia be considered in the differential diagnoses of shoulder pain.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/54. Hemiplegic/monoplegic presentation of cervical spine (C1-C2) tuberculosis.tuberculosis of the craniovertebral region is very rare. Neural deficit in this region is reported in between 24% and 64% of cases, and mainly takes the form of quadriparesis. Hemiplegic and monoplegic presentation among this set of patients is rarer. Out of 32 patients treated at our institution between May 1989 and February 2001, only one had hemiplegia, while two had monoplegia. These three cases are discussed. Case 1 involved a 45-year-old woman who presented with hemiplegia following a trivial fall. Plain radiographs and computed tomographic (CT) scans of the skull appeared normal, but CT scans of C1-C2 and the craniovertebral junction revealed destruction of the dens and atlantoaxial subluxation. The patients in cases 2 and 3 had monoplegia. Plain radiographs in both cases showed an increased prevertebral soft tissue shadow in front of C1-C2. CT in case 2 and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in case 3 revealed destruction of the arch of C1 and the dens, with subluxation. All three patients were successfully treated with rest, skull traction, anti-tubercular drugs and suitable braces. Case 3 required stabilization. All three patients achieved complete neural recovery. patients 1, 2 and 3 had 22, 48 and 4 months' follow-up respectively. Patient 3 was subsequently transferred to a neurosurgery ward for stabilization of the occipito-C3 vertebrae. Hemi/monoplegic presentation is extremely rare; no author in the literature is able to give reason for the rarity or the pathomechanics of the condition. We believe that if medullary cervical junctional involvement extends slightly higher (in rare circumstances), with involvement of one of the branches of the vertebral or lower basilar artery, medial medullary syndrome will occur, sparing medial lemniscus and emerging hypoglossal nerve fibres. Thus the pyramids will be involved, causing contralateral hemiparesis, and if the pyramids are selectively involved, it will cause contralateral monoparesis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/54. Use of a static adjustable ankle-foot orthosis following tibial nerve block to reduce plantar-flexion contracture in an individual with brain injury.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: ankle plantar-flexion contractures are a common complication of brain injuries and can lead to secondary limitations in mobility. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a 44-year-old woman with left hemiplegia following a right frontal arteriovenous malformation resection. She had a left ankle plantar-flexion contracture of -31 degrees from neutral. After a tibial nerve block, an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis was applied 23 hours a day for 27 days. Adjustments of the orthosis were made as the contracture was reduced. The patient received physical therapy during the 27-day period for functional mobility activities and stretching the plantar flexors outside of the orthosis. OUTCOMES: The patient's dorsiflexion passive range of motion increased from -31 degrees to 10 degrees. DISCUSSION: The application of an adjustable ankle-foot orthosis following a tibial nerve block, as an addition to a physical therapy regimen of stretching and mobility training, may reduce plantar-flexion contractures in patients with brain injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/54. A case of hemiparesis associated with cranial nerve lesions due to intravascular lymphomatosis(2003:4b).Intravascular lymphomatosis is a rare variant of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma with an unusual predilection for the central nervous system. Most cases are not diagnosed until postmortem because of variable clinical presentation and non-specific laboratory findings. We studied a 41-year-old lady who presented with progressive neurological symptoms. MR showed multifocal grey and white matter lesions. Brain biopsy showed an intravascular lymphoma of the B-cell lineage. This report illustrates the ischaemic origin of the radiological lesions, as they are all hyperintense on the diffusion-weighted images. This has, to our knowledge, never been published before. MR did not show any enhancement after intravenous gadolinium-DTPA (parenchymal or meningeal)which is a very uncommon finding in this entity. Intravascular lymphomatosis should be taken into account in the differential diagnosis of repeated cerebral ischemia of unclear aetiology.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = nerve (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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