1/18. Outbreak of severe neurologic involvement associated with enterovirus 71 infection.enterovirus 71 has been associated with several outbreaks, as well as sporadic cases, of central nervous system infection and has a worldwide distribution. Seven children with encephalitis and five with aseptic meningitis caused by enterovirus 71 were seen at Otsu Municipal Hospital during the summer of 1997. The infections were confirmed serologically, although detection of the viral genome in cerebrospinal fluid was unsuccessful. Seven children were diagnosed as having hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome, two were diagnosed as having herpangina, and three patients younger than 12 months old developed no eruptions. The skin or mucosal manifestations of this outbreak demonstrated considerable variation. The enterovirus 71 strain that caused the outbreak had a strong neurovirulent tendency. Among the patients with encephalitis, symptoms originating from the impairment of diencephalon were seen in four patients, and those originating from cerebellar impairment were seen in two patients. Brain magnetic resonance imaging in one patient revealed an abnormality in the pons. The neurologic manifestations associated with enterovirus 71 infection may be characterized by involvement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and diencephalon. enterovirus 71 is one of the pathogenic viruses that cause hand-foot-and-mouth syndrome, as well as a variety of other clinical manifestations. The most important of these is neurologic disease, especially in infants and young children.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = central nervous system, nervous system, brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/18. An outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in taiwan 1998: a comprehensive pathological, virological, and molecular study on a case of fulminant encephalitis.BACKGROUND: In a recent enterovirus outbreak in taiwan, serotype 71 was the culprit of encephalitis causing rapid clinical deterioration and death among young children. OBJECTIVES: Since knowledge of enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection in the central nervous system is still limited, the purpose of the present case study was attempted to uncover the pathogenesis of the virus. STUDY DESIGN: We performed a detailed pathological examination, virological and molecular studies on a case of EV71 infection with a rapidly fatal outcome. In addition, the whole genome of the virus was sequenced to determine the genetic relationships to other enteroviruses and two other EV71 strains (a prototype BrCr and a neurovirulent MS strain), and to provide the genetic basis of its neurovirulence of the new isolate, NCKU9822 strain. RESULTS: Characteristic features of acute encephalomyelitis were observed, with most prominent lesions in the spinal cord and brain stem. Mild myocarditis and pancreatitis were also noticed. EV71 antigen was localized to neurons on immunohistochemical staining. EV71 was recovered from all organs with inflammatory reaction. sequence analysis showed that overall NCKU9822 and the two EV71 strains shared 80% nucleotide identity and 95% amino acid identity. It had only 45% amino acid and 52% nucleotide identities with polioviral P1 capsid region. CONCLUSION: The spinal cord and brain stem were the main targets of EV71 in the fatal cases in this outbreak, however, heart and pancreas might also be involved. Since the amino acid sequences in the P1 region are conserved (97% identity) among the three EV71 strains as compared to other enteroviruses and polioviruses, these EV71 neurovirulent strains might share the same mechanisms of neurovirulence, and the mechanisms might be different from those in polioviruses.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.017099132208keywords = central nervous system, nervous system, brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/18. Enteroviral meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised children after matched unrelated donor-bone marrow transplantation.Two children are described who presented with fever and generalized seizures, days 50 and 200, respectively, after matched unrelated donor-bone marrow transplantation. Upon antiepileptic treatment the seizures vanished but somnolence and fever remained. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain was performed and revealed transient asymmetric multifocal hyperintense lesions. seizures were considered related to infection, and the cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment was not interrupted. enterovirus was detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in the spinal fluid of one patient and in the sputum of the other. Both children recovered completely within the next weeks without neurological sequel. This report shows that enteroviral meningoencephalitis can present with seizures during the post-transplant period. It highlights the importance of MRI for neuroimaging and of viral infections as differential diagnosis to CsA neurotoxicity.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.01709913220805keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/18. Congenital enterovirus 71 infection: a case study with virology and immunohistochemistry.Previously reported enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections associated with hand-foot-mouth disease, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, polio-like myelitis, and paralysis all have involved young children. We report a 28-year-old woman who possibly contracted EV71 infection during pregnancy. Obstetric ultrasonograms at 25 weeks of gestation revealed an abnormal placenta, as well as hepatosplenomegaly, liver calcification, excessive ascites, and mild hydrocephalus of the fetus. Presence of EV71 was determined by immunodot blotting, virus culture, and partial sequencing of the amplified product of nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Postmortem immunohistochemistry further identified EV71 in the fetal midbrain and liver. The findings indicate that intrauterine EV71 infection is possible during pregnancy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.01709913220805keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/18. First fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection in hong kong.Enteroviruses are a common cause of childhood infections, from hand, foot and mouth disease, to lethal brainstem encephalitis. enterovirus 71 was first isolated in 1969. Brainstem encephalomyelitis and pulmonary oedema are postulated to be causally related and have been found to be a common feature of fatal enterovirus 71 cases. A fatal case of enterovirus 71 infection in a 2-year-old, previously healthy boy is reported. He presented to the Department of Paediatrics with clinical features of sepsis within 3 days of onset of fever. A few minutes after injection of midazolam, fentanyl and vecuronium for intubation, cardiac arrest developed and was not amenable to various treatment modalities. Pulmonary haemorrhage and oedema were noted during intubation, and postmortem examination confirmed the presence of brainstem encephalomyelitis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.0341982644161keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/18. Echovirus 7 associated encephalomyelitis.BACKGROUND: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is endemic in malaysia. In 1997, a large outbreak of enterovirus 71 (EV-71) associated HFMD resulted in 41 deaths due to severe left ventricular dysfunction and central nervous system infection with extensive damage to the medulla and pons. The clinical presentation in all these patients were rapid cardio-respiratory decompensation leading to cardiac arrest. Another large outbreak of HFMD with 55 fatal cases and a similar clinical picture was reported in taiwan in 1998. In 2000, an outbreak of HFMD resulted in the deaths of three children who had rapid cardio-respiratory decompensation and one child who survived a central nervous system infection. OBJECTIVES: We set out to study the etiologic agent and mechanism involved in three children who presented to our hospital, two of whom died and one survived a central nervous system infection. STUDY DESIGN: The clinical course of the disease was described. Throat, rectal swab and cerebrospinal fluid samples were subjected to viral isolation and viral isolates were identified by immunofluorescence, micro-neutralisation using human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells, and reverse transcritpase polymerase chain reaction. magnetic resonance imaging was performed on two of the patients. RESULTS: Echovirus 7 was the sole pathogen isolated from three cases of acute encephalomyelitis, two of which were fatal due to severe left ventricular dysfunction resistant to inotropic support. The survivor had residual bulbar palsy, but is considered to have had a good neurological outcome. CONCLUSION: Echovirus 7 infection associated with encephalomyelitis could be fatal due to indirect involvement of the heart resulting in severe left ventricular dysfunction. In addition one of the children presented with hand, foot, and mouth disease, a syndrome that has not been previously associated with echovirus 7 infection.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.9487026033759keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/18. Non-progressive viral myelitis in X-linked agammaglobulinemia.We report a 14-year-old boy with X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA) complicated by isolated non-progressive myelitis caused by Coxsackie virus B1. Despite the absence of immunoglobulin supplement and persistence of the virus for the initial 2 years, motor impairment did not show any progression for 3 years. This report shows that the prognosis of central nervous system infection in XLA is not determined by immunoglobulin levels alone, and that it is not always progressive or fatal. The balance between host immunity and the virulence of the causative virus may be involved in the prognosis of meningoencephalitis in XLA.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.98290086779195keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/18. Outbreak of central nervous system disease associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in japan during the summer of 2000: detection and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71.Few outbreaks of the serious enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections, which affect the central nervous system (CNS), had been reported in japan before 2000. During June through August 2000, a patient died of pulmonary edema caused by brainstem encephalitis accompanied by EV71-induced hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), and many patients complicated by serious CNS disease, including paralysis, were hospitalized in a restricted area in Hyogo Prefecture, japan (K-area). During the same period, endemics of HFMD were reported in other areas in Hyogo Prefecture, where EV71 was isolated from HFMD patients, but few patients developed aseptic meningitis. The isolations of EV71 from K-area patients were difficult with the use of vero cells, so the strains were isolated by use of GL37 cells; vero cells, however, could isolate EV71 strains from other areas in Hyogo Prefecture. We sequenced VP4 coding regions of these EV71 isolates and found that the isolates from K-area had the same sequence, which, except for one isolate, was different from the sequences of EV71 strains isolated from other areas of Hyogo Prefecture. Although these results were not enough to state that EV71 from K-area was a virulent strain, it seemed reasonable to conclude that serious CNS diseases in K-area were caused by EV71 because it was the only infectious agent detected in the inpatients of K-area.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4.9316034711678keywords = central nervous system, nervous system, brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/18. Enteroviruses and sudden deafness.A young, healthy man presented with sudden severe sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus. The results of the workup and neuroimaging were normal, as were the auditory brain stem responses. methylprednisolone pulse therapy was associated with significant hearing improvement within 10 days. A history of a short self-limited febrile illness preceding admission (with headache, photophobia, myalgia and fatigue), a raised serum c-reactive protein level and transient leukopenia suggested an infectious cause. Lumbar puncture revealed a mononuclear pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid, with negative cultures but positive polymerase chain reaction test results for enterovirus, which was later cultured from the patient's stool. The patient's wife and baby had had a similar febrile illness without hearing loss 10 days earlier, and an outbreak of enterovirus meningitis was identified in the area, which was associated with familial clustering and echovirus serotype 4 infection. The varied causes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, which should include enterovirus, are reviewed here.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.01709913220805keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/18. Neurogenic pulmonary edema in enterovirus 71 encephalitis is not uniformly fatal but causes severe morbidity in survivors.During the Australian summer of 2000/2001, there was an outbreak of enterovirus 71 infection in Sydney. Between December 2000 and May 2001, approximately 200 children presented to Sydney Children's Hospital with hand-foot-and-mouth disease and 18 experienced neurologic complications. Four presented with acute invasive central nervous system disease and severe pulmonary edema. We describe the cardiorespiratory disturbances and intensive care management of these four consecutive children successfully treated for neurogenic pulmonary edema attributed to proven enterovirus 71 infection. All four survived the acute stage of the illness. However, all four have been left with significant debilitating morbidity. Epidemic enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis presenting as neurogenic pulmonary edema can be successfully managed in the pediatric intensive care unit but has great potential to yield a large number of handicapped toddlers and become "the poliomyelitis of the 21st century."- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = central nervous system, nervous system, brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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