1/44. Disproportionate retrograde amnesia in a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis.We describe a patient who developed a severe but temporally limited retrograde amnesia coupled with a relatively mild anterograde amnesia following herpes simplex encephalitis. The patient showed a profound retrograde amnesia for autobiographical events extending for about 10 years prior to the disease onset. Her knowledge about public events and famous persons was also impaired for this period. An MRI and SPECT demonstrated bilateral medial temporal pathology. This case represents a further instance of a relatively focal retrograde amnesia following brain damage. We review other reported cases with focal retrograde amnesia and consider theoretical and neuroanatomical accounts for the present case. Two factors may account for her amnesic patterns: a partial disruption of the store for premorbid binding codes (i.e., information that multimodal feature representations occurred synchronously); along with a relative preservation of the encoding process required to develop new synchronous codes.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/44. Cerebral malakoplakia associated with escherichia coli infection.Malakoplakia is an unusual chronic inflammatory disease occurring predominantly in the bladder and only rarely affecting other organs. For the urinary tract, its aetiology has been ascribed to the presence of escherichia coli, while the very few cases of cerebral malakoplakia which have been reported so far, have mostly occurred in infants in the clinical setting of neonatal herpes virus infection or otherwise in adults in areas of cerebral infarction. We here report a case of E. coli-associated malakoplakia of the brain. It occurred in a 53-year-old man who had undergone long-term corticosteroid therapy and had previously been operated on a cerebral E. coli-associated abscess. This case indicates that malakoplakia of the brain might also be a histiocytic reaction against bacterial antigens of the E. coli family.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/44. Immunocytochemical characterization of long-term persistent immune activation in human brain after herpes simplex encephalitis.The clinical, virological and immunocytochemical features of three children who recovered from acute herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) before the age of 2 years, and who developed secondary severe focal epilepsy after a symptom-free period, leading to neurosurgery 3-10 years later are described. In one child, relapse of HSE occurred immediately after surgery. In all three patients, brain sample biopsies showed abundant CD3-positive T lymphocytes with a majority of CD8 cells, and abundant activated macrophage-microglial cells, a pattern similar to that found in acute HSE. herpes simplex virus dna was retrieved from the tissue biopsy in one case. The long-term persistent cerebral inflammatory process observed after HSE differed from that observed in another chronic viral disease, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. This inflammatory reaction may be a result either of low-grade viral expression or self-induced immune activation. The role of inflammation in triggering epilepsy remains hypothetical. Solving these issues should have major therapeutic implications. herpes simplex virus dna latency in brain may be the source of replicative HSE relapse.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/44. association of herpes simplex virus encephalitis and paraneoplastic encephalitis - a clinico-pathological study.A 57 year-old woman developed acute limbic encephalitis and brainstem dysfunction. Anti-HU antibodies were repeatedly detected in serum and CSF. Postmortem examination showed necrotic and hemorrhagic lesions in the temporal lobes characteristic of herpes simplex virus encephalitis, which was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, and Purkinje cell loss with proliferation of Bergman glia and myelin loss in the external aspect of the dentate nuclei characteristic of paraneoplastic encephalitis. PCR-assay performed on temporal tissue extracts was positive for HSV-1. There was no identifiable neoplasm. This unusual association raises the possibility of a link between the two diseases.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/44. Repetitive synchronized cyclical oscillations of multisystem parameters subsequent to high-dose thiopental therapy for status epilepticus secondary to herpes encephalitis.We report a case of status epilepticus secondary to herpes encephalitis, treated with thiopental infusion and mechanical ventilation. The computerized storage and analysis of physiological data led to the detection of repetitive synchronized cyclical oscillations of arterial pressure, heart rate, EEG parameters, peripheral temperature and core temperature. arterial pressure oscillations have been described in patients who are severely systemically unwell; cardiovascular and brain electrical activity may also oscillate in the presence of raised intracranial pressure. In contrast, this patient had no features of severe systemic illness or of raised intracranial pressure. Our hypothesis is that high-dose thiopental may have been a cause of our findings by producing autonomic dysfunction.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/44. herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)--induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1.herpes simplex encephalitis is a severe neurological disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Reactivated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause relapses and might even spread to the retina, where it can induce a potentially blinding eye disease, known as acute retinal necrosis. In the present study, the HSV-1 strains in the brain and eye of 2 patients with acute retinal necrosis following an episode of herpes simplex encephalitis were genotyped. The HSV-1 strains in both the brain and eye were identical in each patient, but they differed interindividually. The data suggest brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1 in these patients.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/44. herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)--induced retinitis following herpes simplex encephalitis: indications for brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1.herpes simplex encephalitis is a severe neurological disease with high mortality and morbidity rates. Reactivated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) can cause relapses and might even spread to the retina, where it can induce a potentially blinding eye disease, known as acute retinal necrosis. In the present study, the HSV-1 strains in the brain and eye of 2 patients with acute retinal necrosis following an episode of herpes simplex encephalitis were genotyped. The HSV-1 strains in both the brain and eye were identical in each patient, but they differed interindividually. The data suggest brain-to-eye transmission of HSV-1 in these patients.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 7keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/44. Crossed cerebellar diaschisis in herpes simplex encephalitis.Diaschisis is extremely rare in patients with viral encephalitis. We report the phenomenon of crossed cerebellar diaschisis (CCD) in a 73-year-old man with acute herpes simplex type-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis. The diagnosis of HSV-1 encephalitis was confirmed by detecting HSV-1 deoxyribonucleic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Magnetic resonance images (MRI) showed enhancing lesions at bilateral temporal lobes, insular cortices, and right frontoparietal lobes. Increase signal intensity on T2-weighted images was seen in the mesecephalon. technetium-99m ethyl cysteinate dimer (99mTc-ECD) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain showed a large area of hypoperfusion in the right frontotemporoparietal lobes. The side-to-side cerebellar count revealed 19% reduction of the radioisotope tracer uptake in the left cerebellum. The phenomenon of CCD was proposed to be due to both anterograde disconnection of the corticopontocerebellar tracts and retrograde deafferentation of dentatothalamocortical projections.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/44. Viral encephalitis associated with reversible asystole due to sinoatrial arrest.We report a case of sinoatrial node block associated with syncopal episodes that required a temporary pacemaker. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain showed lesions of both temporal lobes consistent with viral encephalitis, presumably due to herpes simplex virus (HSV). The patient quickly recovered with intravenous acyclovir (Zovirax) therapy. patients with presumed encephalitis might benefit from cardiac monitoring for possible associated cardiac arrhythmia. A permanent pacemaker is rarely required, since recovery is spontaneous in the majority of these cases.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/44. herpes simplex encephalitis: MRI findings in two cases confirmed by polymerase chain reaction assay.herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I causes a fulminant necrotising meningoencephalitis distinguished from other encephalitides by its focal and often haemorrhagic nature. Specific antiviral therapy with acyclovir can significantly improve the prognosis. We present MRI findings of two cases of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) confirmed by PCR analysis, focusing on the serial changes after acyclovir therapy: gyral swelling, high signal intensity on T2-weighted images in the subfrontal region, temporal lobe and insula in the initial stage, then regional extension with enhancement and haemorrhage despite appropriate acyclovir therapy, and finally encephalomalacia and brain atrophy.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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