1/44. Occurrence of mirtazapine-induced delirium in organic brain disorder.Mirtazapine is the first of a new class of antidepressants, the noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants. Its antidepressant effect appears to be related to its dual enhancement of both noradrenergic neurotransmission and serotonin 5-HT1 receptor-mediated serotonergic neurotransmission. Mirtazapine has demonstrated superior tolerability to the tricyclic antidepressants, primarily on account of its relative absence of anticholinergic, adrenergic and serotonin-related adverse effects. We observed mirtazapine-induced delirium in one organically depressed and two major depressed patients with subclinical brain disease. The appearance of hallucinations, psychomotoric agitation and cognitive changes after initiation of mirtazapine, and their prompt improvement after drug discontinuation, led to the impression that these were drug-induced phenomena. One possible hypothesis for the observed deliria is a central increase of norepinephrine after acute administration of mirtazapine. Subclinical brain disease might have favoured the occurrence of delirium in the three cases.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/44. Paradoxical lithium neurotoxicity: a report of five cases and a hypothesis about risk for neurotoxicity.There have been many reports of probable lithium-induced organic brain syndromes occurring when serum lithium levels are within or close to the therapeutic range. The authors report on five patients who developed clinical syndromes suggestive of severe neurotoxicity during lithium treatment. In all cases lithium levels were between .75 and 1.7 mEq/liter. The patients who developed neurotoxicity had markedly higher global ratings of psychotic symptomatology and anxiety in the pretoxic period than did patients who never deveoped neurotoxicity. When the acute manic state is characterized by marked psychotic symptoms and intense anxiety, it may be associated with increased vulnerability to the development of severe lithium neurotoxicity.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.16666666666667keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/44. Scleroderma cerebritis, an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis.A 42-year-old female with scleroderma experienced two exacerbations in which behavioral changes were the main clinical features. On both occasions she presented with paranoid delusions, perceptual aberrations, and disorientation. After treatment with corticosteroids, the patient's mental status returned to normal, and her electroencephalogram showed an increase in alpha wave frequency, which is consistent with a resolving delirium. Unlike systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma rarely involves the central nervous system. This case illustrates an unusual manifestation of progressive systemic sclerosis, primary cerebral involvement which presented as an acute organic brain syndrome. connective tissue diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus, often present neuropsychiatric symptoms. Despite the fact that there appears to be a clinical and pathological continuum among the connective tissue diseases, an organic psychosis rarely occurs in progressive systemic sclerosis (scleroderma. Described here is a patient with scleroderma in whom behavioral abnormalities were the main features of two exacerbations of the disease.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1.0661282786065keywords = central nervous system, nervous system, brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/44. delirium from nicotine withdrawal in neuro-ICU patients.Five cases of presumed nicotine withdrawal delirium among brain-injured patients treated in a neurologic intensive care unit are presented. Each patient had a history of heavy tobacco use and experienced dramatic and sustained clinical improvement within hours of transdermal nicotine replacement. These preliminary observations suggest that nicotine withdrawal may be an under-recognized cause of delirium in patients with acute brain injury.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.33333333333333keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/44. delirium following a switch from cimetidine to famotidine.OBJECTIVE: To describe a patient who developed delirium when switched from cimetidine to famotidine. CASE SUMMARY: An 84-year-old Taiwanese woman was hospitalized for tarry stools. Her past medical history revealed only a decrease in renal function. She tolerated both oral and intravenous cimetidine therapy with a daily dose of 400-900 mg intermittently for 20 years. On hospital days 1-3, cimetidine 300 mg was injected intravenously every eight hours without difficulty. Considering the possible existence of a cimetidine-resistant bleeding ulcer, famotidine 20 mg was given twice daily orally on hospital days 4-7 and then injected intravenously. Six days after being switched from cimetidine to famotidine, the woman's mental status deteriorated. A series of clinical tests revealed no apparent causative factors. famotidine was then suspected as a probable cause of her delirium. Discontinuation of the drug resulted in rapid resolution of the patient's delirious status. DICUSSION: famotidine crosses the blood-brain barrier less easily than cimetidine and was taken for a much shorter period in this patient. Thus, we propose that the occurrence of delirium in this patient was associated with famotidine, but not cimetidine, and was idiosyncratic rather than dose related. Furthermore, this case involved an elderly patient with compromised renal function who developed delirium in response to intravenous, but not oral, administration of famotidine. These factors seem to increase the risk for, famotidine-induced delirium. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of the possible occurrence of delirium following a switch from one histamine2-receptor antagonist to another. In rare instances, patients switched to famotidine from cimetidine may experience delirium, particularly elderly patients with poor renal function who receive intravenous famotidine.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.16666666666667keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/44. Cystocerebral syndrome: a case report and literature review.delirium is a frequent cause of hospitalization in the elderly patient, and can be sustained by several factors, which are not always evident. In 1990 Blackburn and Dunn described a clinical picture characterized by the presence of acute urinary retention presenting as delirium, and named it "cystocerebral syndrome". In 1991 Liem and Carter advanced a possible pathophysiological explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that adrenergic tension might increase in the central nervous system when micturition cannot occur at the usual threshold. The consequent increase in catecholamines level might produce delirium. We report the case of a very old subject with delirium and acute urinary retention, suggestive of the "cystocerebral syndrome", in order to call the attention of geriatricians to acute urinary retention as a possible precipitating factor of delirium.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.89946161193986keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/44. delirium after interleukin-2 and alpha-interferon therapy for renal cell carcinoma.A 55-year-old man receiving alpha-interferon and interleukin-2 therapy for renal cell carcinoma presented with seizures and delirium. A CT-scan of the cerebrum did not reveal any disorder. Both alpha-interferon and interleukin-2 were stopped. Treatment with steroids led to complete regression of central nervous system symptomatology. We emphasize the importance of ruling out iatrogenesis in patients treated with alpha-interferon and/or interleukin-2 who display neuropsychiatric symptoms.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.89946161193986keywords = central nervous system, nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/44. Acute delirium induced by metoprolol.OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of delirium associated with use of metoprolol and to analyse 24 such cases including 22 cases reported to Australian Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee and one case previously published (S. Ahmad, Am Fam Physician, 1991;44:1142, 1144). CASE SUMMARY: An 89 year old caucasian man with an acute coronary syndrome who had no psychiatric history and no infections, brain injury, stroke, metabolic nor neoplastic disease developed delirium after two small doses of metoprolol (25 mg). The delirium disappeared within 20 hours after metoprolol was ceased, despite continuing all other medications. THE COMBINED SERIES: Of 24 patients (12 women, mean age 71.8 years), 83% were older than 60 years. The duration of therapy before onset of delirium in 14 (58%) subjects was within one week; 23 of 24 patients were receiving therapeutic amounts of the drug (25-200 mg/day). Clinical features included confusion/disorientation in all subjects, agitation in 13, aggression in 6, visual hallucinations in 7, auditory hallucinations in 1, paranoid delusions in 3, vivid dreams in 2 and language disturbances in 3 persons. bradycardia was reported in 4 cases, hypotension in 2, fatigue/tiredness in 3, Raynaud's phenomenon in 1 and skin rash in 1 patient. DISCUSSION: The mechanism of metoprolol-induced delirium is unclear. It could be due to impairment of hepatic metabolism (especially in the ageing liver) and complex neurotransmitter-related effects on brain beta-adrenoceptors and serotonin (5-HT) receptors. CONCLUSIONS: physicians should be aware that metoprolol, a widely used beta-blocker, may rarely cause delirium, especially in the elderly population.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.33333333333333keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/44. The reach of neurology.Neurologists experienced in the interpretation of disease in terms of disordered action of the nervous system should be well suited to extend their field of interest to the more complex disorders of human behavior, including hysteria, delirium, ill-defined pain syndromes, unexplained fatigue, disorders of thought, atypical depression, and delusions. To illustrate the potential of neurology in approaching the more complex disorders of behavior, several examples from clinical neurology are presented in which phenomena calling for inquiry and analysis in neurological terms are described. The categories are temporal lobe epilepsy, delirium, drug toxicity, disease processes of the cerebrum, obscure pain, dyslexia, and hysteria. Inquiry into complex disorders of behavior is inseparable from the broad subject of normal mental activity, the neural organization subserving all human thought, emotion, and action. Because of this close association, the comment on hysteria includes an introduction to the important question of whether we humans possess a free will to choose our course of behavior.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.20559776112445keywords = nervous system (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/44. Use of atypical anti-psychotics in the management of post-traumatic confusional states in traumatic brain injury.The use of atypical anti-psychotics (AAP) in the treatment of organic neuropsychiatric syndromes is little reported. We present a case of post-traumatic delirium with delusions treated with risperidone and discuss the use of AAP's in this situation.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.66666666666667keywords = brain (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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