11/17. The anatomical basis of symptomatic hemidystonia.Twenty-eight patients with focal (arm or leg) or hemidystonia due to tumour, arteriovenous malformation, infarction, haemorrhage or hemiatrophy are described. All had typical dystonic movements and/or postures, identical to those seen in idiopathic (primary) torsion dystonia. The site(s) of the lesion responsible, as defined by CT (computerized tomography) scan or pathological examination, was in the contralateral caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus (particularly the putamen) or thalamus, or in a combination of these structures. review of 13 other patients in the literature with hemidystonia and lesions defined by CT scan, and of 7 other patients with pathologically discrete lesions associated with hemidystonia, also indicated involvement of these structures. dystonia may be due to abnormal input from thalamus to premotor cortex, due to lesions either of the thalamus itself, or of the striatum projecting by way of the globus pallidus to the thalamus.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
12/17. Bilateral hemorrhagic infarction of the pallidum.Symmetric pallidal necrosis from a variety of causes is well appreciated pathologically. Corresponding computed tomographic (CT) changes have only infrequently been reported and on no occasion have the lesions been hemorrhagic. We describe the CT correlate of a previous neuropathologic observation of bilateral hemorrhagic infarction of the globus pallidus in association with acute renal failure. Factors predisposing to these changes are considered.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
13/17. Pallidonigral pigmentation and spheroid formation with multiple striatal lacunar infarcts.A 72-year-old hypertensive man had focal seizures and mild memory loss. At autopsy, there were many lacunar infarcts, particularly in the neostriatum. Rust-brown discoloration and spheroid formation within the globus pallidus and pars reticulata of the substantia nigra resembled Hallervorden-Spatz disease, in which more detailed analysis of the striatum may be worthwhile.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
14/17. Acute basal ganglia infarction in propionic acidemia.An 8-year-old girl with propionic acidemia had acute and rapidly fatal symmetric necrosis of the caudate, globus pallidus, and putamen. Clinical presentation was with acute aphasia, generalized hypotonia, and muscle weakness. There was no evidence of metabolic decompensation, and analysis of the organic acids of the urine indicated good metabolic control. Organic acids in the cerebrospinal fluid were unremarkable. These observations indicate that the pathophysiology of "metabolic stroke" is more complicated than previously thought.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
15/17. MRI appearances consistent with haemorrhagic infarction as an early manifestation of carbon monoxide poisoning.High signal in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted images was observed in two patients who underwent early MRI, after exposure to carbon monoxide (CO). We compare these MRI abnormalities with those previously reported, and with CT findings which suggested that the damage to the globi pallidi is of vascular origin. We discuss also the hypothesis that haemorrhagic infarction is an early manifestation of CO poisoning.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
16/17. Neurologic complications following intranasal administration of heroin in an adolescent.OBJECTIVE: To describe an adolescent patient who developed a stroke following intranasal administration of heroin. CASE SUMMARY: A 17-year-old adolescent with no prior medical problems "snorted" an unknown quantity of heroin. The patient developed respiratory failure, shock, and seizures. When he regained consciousness, the patient had evidence of hypoxic-toxic encephalopathy on neuropsychologic examination. magnetic resonance imaging revealed an infarct in the globus pallidus region of the brain. DISCUSSION: Serious neurologic complications following intranasal administration of heroin have been reported rarely in children. Correlations between findings on neuropsychologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging following drug overdoses have likewise been rarely described. We reviewed literature pertaining to the etiology, pharmacology, and pathophysiology of neurologic complications resulting from heroin intoxication. CONCLUSIONS: As the use of intranasal heroin is increasing in the pediatric population, healthcare professionals should be aware of the various potentially serious complications that may occur.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
17/17. Can secondary degeneration accelerate the formation of neurofibrillary tangles? A case of hemispheric infarction showing asymmetric degeneration of the substantia nigra, red nuclei, inferior olivary nuclei and dentate nuclei with concomitant changes of progressive supranuclear palsy.A case of hemispheric infarction involving the territory of the right middle cerebral artery and the thalamus showed conspicuous asymmetric degeneration in the substantia nigra, red nuclei, inferior olivary nuclei and dentate nuclei with concomitant changes of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). The right substantia nigra and red nucleus showed loss of neurons and proliferation of astrocytes. The right olivary nucleus was hypertrophic, while the neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the dentate nucleus were predominant on the contralateral side. Modified Gallyas-Braak staining revealed the extensive distribution of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), threads and intraglial argyrophilic structures in the globus pallidus, subthalamic nuclei, cerebral cortex and dentate nuclei, as well as in the affected brain stem nuclei, with a distinct predominance on the affected side. In this case, the one-sided predominance of the extended degeneration in these brain stem and cerebellar areas is considered, in addition to the PSP changes, to be due to secondary retrograde degeneration via the nigrostriatal and dentato-rubro-thalamic pathways following the hemispheric infarction, and to also be the result of disruption of the dentato-olivary fiber connections. In addition, because of the predominant distribution of NFTs on the more degenerated side, it is surmised that the formation of NFTs may be accelerated by secondary degeneration.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = globus pallidus, pallidus, globus (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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