Cases reported "Togaviridae Infections"

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1/10. Determination of natural versus laboratory human infection with Mayaro virus by molecular analysis.

    A laboratory worker developed clinical signs of infection with Mayaro virus (togaviridae), an arbovirus of South and central america, 6 days after preparation of Mayaro viral antigen and 10 days after a trip to a rain forest. There was no evidence of skin lesions during the antigen preparation, and level 3 containment safety measures were followed. Therefore, molecular characterization of the virus was undertaken to identify the source of infection. RT-PCR and dna sequence comparisons proved the infection was with the laboratory strain. Airborne Mayaro virus contamination is thus a hazard to laboratory personnel.
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2/10. Isolation of Kunjin virus from a patient with a naturally acquired infection.

    OBJECTIVE: To describe the first isolation of Kunjin virus from a patient with a natural infection. CLINICAL FEATURES: A 48-year-old female egg collector presented with muscle weakness, fatigue and extreme lethargy three weeks after developing rigors, headache, photophobia and nausea. Kunjin virus was isolated from an acute phase serum sample. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: The patient made a partial recovery after treatment for 10 days with Catovit (Boehringer Ingelheim), one tablet twice a day, and then declined further medical contact. CONCLUSION: The isolation of Kunjin virus from this patient confirms previous serological observations which suggested that this mosquito-borne virus caused febrile episodes in humans accompanied, on occasion, by polyarthralgia or mild central nervous system signs and symptoms.
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3/10. Murray Valley encephalitis acquired in western australia.

    OBJECTIVE: To report a recent fatal case of encephalitis associated with evidence of Murray Valley encephalitis virus infection, only the second fatality from this infection in western australia. CLINICAL FEATURES: An 18-month-old Aboriginal boy was admitted to hospital in northwest western australia with proven haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: After an initial good response to antibiotics (amoxycillin and cefotaxime) he relapsed and died with evidence of encephalitis. Analysis of serum showed a high titre of antibody to Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus with the presence of specific IgM. No evidence was found for other infective agents. CONCLUSION: It is likely that this child died from MVE which followed his bacterial meningitis. Of the strains of mosquitoes trapped in the area of suspected infection 77.8% were culex annulirostris, the major vector species for MVE. No MVE virus was isolated from these mosquitoes, but serum from one of the sentinel chickens contained MVE virus antibodies, indicating the presence of the virus in that region.
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4/10. Illness caused by a Barmah Forest-like virus in new south wales.

    Barmah Forest virus, a recently-discovered arbovirus which belongs to the alphavirus genus of the family togaviridae, has been shown to cause infections in humans in new south wales. The present report documents three patients in whom Barmah Forest viral infection appears to have resulted in illness. Barmah Forest virus or a closely-related alphavirus may, as are several other alphaviruses, be pathogenic.
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5/10. The inflammatory response in the synovium of a patient with Ross River arbovirus infection.

    ross river virus has been incriminated in the etiology of many sporadic and epidemic cases of polyarthritis in Australia and the Pacific. Both synovium and synovial exudate fluid recovered from the knee of an epidemic polyarthritis patient showed a predominantly mononuclear leucocyte infiltrate. Infectious virus could not be recovered from the synovial exudate. Functional natural killer cells were detected in the synovial fluid. Their level of cytotoxic activity was similar to that detected in the peripheral circulation.
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6/10. A destructive arthropathy following chikungunya virus arthritis--a possible association.

    chikungunya virus arthritis is an acute severe polyarthritis following upon the bite of infected mosquitoes in endemic areas. With rapid air transport an increasing number of tourists are being exposed to potential infection. Whether tourists returning home in the incubation viremic stage can infect local mosquito populations in their home countries is unknown. Most cases recover from the severe joint pains within several weeks but up to 12% retain some residual joint symptoms for years. A case report is given of probable Chikungunya arthritis progressing to joint destruction before ultimately subsiding after 15 years leaving a sequela of destroyed metatarsal heads and late osteoarthritic changes in the ankles.
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7/10. Spondweni virus infection in a foreign resident of Upper Volta.

    Spondweni virus is a mosquito-borne flavivirus previously reported to cause human disease in Southern and West africa. A serologically confirmed case of Spondweni virus infection in a U.S. citizen residing in Upper Volta is reported. Symptoms included fever, chills, headache, myalgia, nausea, and rash. A greyish mucoid lining was present on the posterior pharynx. The differential diagnosis included rickettsial infection, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, and numerous viral illnesses including lassa fever. Evidence of Spondweni virus infection was also found in two other U.S. citizens residing in gabon and cameroon. Spondweni virus might be a cause of acute febrile illness throughout West africa, and its presence should be considered in the differential diagnosis of febrile illness and in antibody surveys in that region.
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8/10. Haemorrhagic manifestations with Sindbis infection. Case report.

    Sindbis infection in man occurs rarely in Australia. Most recorded cases are either asymptomatic or result in a fever sometimes accompanied by a macular or vesicular rash. This case is of particular interest because of the severe haemorrhagic vesicular rash and the repeated recurrence of symptoms over a 5 month period together with the persistence of IgM antibodies to sindbis virus.
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9/10. chikungunya virus infection. A retrospective study of 107 cases.

    A retrospective study of 107 cases of serologically proven chikungunya (CHIK) virus infection was undertaken. All respondents had contracted the disease at least 3 years previously; 87,9% had fully recovered, 3,7% experienced only occasional stiffness or mild discomfort, 2,8% had persistent residual joint stiffness but no pain, while 5,6% had persistent joint pain and stiffness and frequent effusions. synovial fluid from 3 patients was analysed. All the patients with persistent joint pain and stiffness had very high antibody titres against CHIK virus.
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10/10. The exanthem of ross river virus infection: histology, location of virus antigen and nature of inflammatory infiltrate.

    The exanthem of epidemic polyarthritis, a disease caused by Ross River (RR) virus, was examined three days after onset of the common erythematous and the rare purpuric forms of the eruption. The dermis showed a light perivascular infiltrate of mononuclear cells in both, with extravasation of erythrocytes in the latter. No immunoglobulins (IgM, IgG, IgA) or complement components (Clq, C3) were detected. Most of the infiltrating cells were T lymphocytes of the T suppressor-cytotoxic class. Their perivascular location, the scarcity of other lymphocytes or phagocytes, and rapid resolution of the rash indicated that the T lymphocytes were responsible for cytotoxic destruction of virus-infected cells. A few monocyte-macrophage cells were identified in the perivascular infiltrate. RR virus antigen was found in the basal epidermal and eccrine duct epithelial cells of both types of lesion and in the perivascular zone of the erythematous lesion, but appeared to have been eliminated from this region in the purpuric lesion. It is suggested that secondary effects of the T-cytotoxic reaction on nearby capillaries are responsible for erythema, oedema and purpura in the exanthem.
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