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1/6. Progressive outer retinal necrosis caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

    OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: To identify the etiologic agent of rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis (PORN) in a 32-year-old man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), who had retinitis developed from cytomegalovirus (CMV). Multiple yellowish spots appeared in the deep retina without evidence of intraocular inflammation or retinal vasculitis, diagnosed clinically as PORN. death occurred after failure of multiple organs. DESIGN: Case report. methods: Both globes were taken at autopsy, fixed in formalin, and examined histopathologically and immunohistochemically to identify causative agents in the retinal lesions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: All layers of the retina were severely damaged and contained focal calcification. Cytomegalic inclusion bodies were found in cells in the damaged retina of the right eye. Immunohistochemical studies for herpesviruses revealed the presence of CMV antigens in the right retina at the posterior pole and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-specific antigen in the periphery of both retinas. No varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen was detected in either retina. CONCLUSIONS: PORN has been described as a variant of necrotizing herpetic retinopathy, occurring particularly in patients with AIDS. Although the etiologic agent has been reported to be VZV, HSV-1 can be an etiologic agent.
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ranking = 1
keywords = herpesvirus
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2/6. Monitoring herpesvirus dna in three cases of acute retinal necrosis by real-time PCR.

    BACKGROUND: It is not clear whether quantitative analysis of viral dna in ocular specimens is correlated with disease activities of acute retinal necrosis (ARN). OBJECTIVES: To monitor viral load in ocular specimens collected from patients with ARN by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). STUDY DESIGN: Ocular samples (aqueous humor and vitreous) were serially collected from three patients with ARN. viral load in those samples was evaluated by real-time PCR. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In case 1, large amounts of varicella zoster virus (VZV) dna (4.8 x 10(6) to 5.5 x 10(6) copies/ml) were detected in aqueous humor during the first 2 weeks after admission. The viral load in vitreous was higher than that in aqueous humor at the time of vitrectomy. As ophthamoscopic findings and visual acuity improved through acyclovir (ACV) treatment, the viral load in aqueous humor decreased dramatically. In case 2, the patient was treated with intravenous ACV at first, but clinical features did not improve. The herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 viral load in aqueous humor remained stable (2.3 x 10(3) to 2.8 x 10(3) copies/ml) during the first 3 weeks after admission. The amount of HSV-2 dna in vitreous was again higher than that in aqueous humor. Although neither clinical features nor viral load had changed by ACV, intra-ocular ganciclovir (GCV) injection improved clinical features, and decreased viral load to undetectable levels. In case 3, the patient developed ARN within 1 month after the onset of varicella and demonstrated only mild clinical symptoms. She was treated with ACV administration alone and recovered quickly. In contrast to case 1, the copy number of VZV dna at the time of admission was low (9 x 10(2) copies/ml), and decreased quickly in response to the treatment. Correlation between viral load in ocular specimens and clinical course of the disease was demonstrated in these patients.
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ranking = 4
keywords = herpesvirus
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3/6. Presumed CMV associated necrotizing retinopathy in a non-hiv immunocompromised host.

    Herpetic necrotizing retinitis is caused by the herpesvirus group of viruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). Reports defining causative viruses have shown CMV to be a rare cause of acute retinal necrosis. In fact, there is only one report in the literature of CMV associated with progressive outer retinal necrosis, which is most commonly associated with Varicella zoster virus. A case is presented of CMV-related necrotizing retinopathy concurrent with subtle signs of herpetic retinitis in an immunocompromised patient, highlighting the spectrum of response of herpetic retinopathies.
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ranking = 1
keywords = herpesvirus
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4/6. Intrathecal antibody production against viruses of the herpesvirus family in acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

    viruses of the herpesvirus family cause acute retinal necrosis syndrome, a devastating necrotic retinitis in immunocompetent individuals. Direct proof of the viral origin of this disease may be obtained by demonstration of the virus, viral antigens, or viral dna in biopsy specimens of retinas. In search of alternative diagnostic methods, we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid and serum with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for virus-specific antibody activity. Intrathecally produced viral antibodies were found in three consecutive patients with acute retinal necrosis syndrome: herpes simplex type 2 in a 30-year-old woman with a history of suspected neonatal herpes encephalitis, herpes simplex type 1 in a 35-year-old man, and varicella-zoster virus activity in a 62-year-old woman. None of the patients had clinical signs indicating an acute disorder in the central nervous system. This serologic approach seems to be of value for the diagnosis of an associated intracerebral viral infection in cases of acute retinal necrosis syndrome.
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ranking = 5
keywords = herpesvirus
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5/6. Rapidly progressive outer retinal necrosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

    Two patients, both seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus, developed rapidly progressive retinal necrosis associated with a systemic herpes zoster infection. The retinitis in these patients was characterized by primary involvement of the outer retina, with sparing of the inner retina and retinal vasculature until late in the disease process; a rapidly progressive course; poor response to intravenous acyclovir; and development of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. In one of the patients, the retinitis was initially multifocal. Electron microscopy of a retinal biopsy specimen from one of the patients demonstrated virus particles consistent with a herpesvirus, and polymerase chain reaction disclosed herpesvirus in a retinal biopsy specimen of the other patient. This entity may represent a distinct form of acute retinal necrosis that is seen in immunocompromised individuals.
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ranking = 2
keywords = herpesvirus
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6/6. Varicella-zoster virus retinitis in a patient with aids-related complex: case report and brief review of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome.

    retinitis reminiscent of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome was recognized in a patient with aids-related complex after he had experienced several episodes of a sacral, dermatomic zosteriform eruption. Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) was subsequently recovered from cell culture of retinal tissue. The literature on VZV retinitis, including that on acute retinal necrosis, is reviewed. Dissemination of VZV infection in AIDS is also reviewed. Features that differentiate the findings and course of VZV retinitis in patients with AIDS from those in otherwise healthy adults are noted and related to potentially different pathogenic mechanisms. This unusual and recently recognized complication of herpesvirus infection may be promoted by AIDS-related immunosuppression. Acute retinal necrosis and other more-recently described forms of VZV retinitis, which have primarily been subjects of the ophthalmologic literature, merit the attention of clinicians and investigators of infectious diseases.
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ranking = 1
keywords = herpesvirus
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