1/50. Migrating placenta previa.A case of third trimester bleeding from placenta previa is presented in which serial ultrasonograms were obtained from the 30th to the 36th gestational week and confirmed by isotopic scanning. Evidence is presented showing a migration of a placenta previa marginalis away from the cervical os followed by vaginal delivery at term. The concept and mechanism of placental migration are reviewed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gestation (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/50. Pelvic arterial embolization for control of obstetric hemorrhage: a five-year experience.OBJECTIVE: Obstetric hemorrhage is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and death. postpartum hemorrhage that cannot be controlled by local measures has traditionally been managed by bilateral uterine artery or hypogastric artery ligation. These techniques have a high failure rate, often resulting in hysterectomy. In contrast, endovascular embolization techniques have a success rate of >90%. An additional benefit of the latter procedure is that fertility is maintained. We report our experience at Stanford University Medical Center in which this technique was used in 6 cases within the past 5 years. STUDY DESIGN: Six women between the ages of 18 and 41 years underwent placement of arterial catheters for emergency (n = 3) or prophylactic (n = 3) control of postpartum bleeding. Specific diagnoses included cervical pregnancy (n = 1), uterine atony (n = 3), and placenta previa and accreta (n = 2). RESULTS: Control of severe or anticipated postpartum hemorrhage was obtained with transcatheter embolization in 4 patients. A fifth patient had balloon occlusion of the uterine artery performed prophylactically, but embolization was not necessary. In a sixth case, bleeding could not be controlled in time, and hysterectomy was performed. The only complication observed with this technique was postpartum fever in 1 patient, which was treated with antibiotics and resolved within 7 days. CONCLUSIONS: uterine artery embolization is a superior first-line alternative to surgery for control of obstetric hemorrhage. Use of transcatheter occlusion balloons before embolization allows timely control of bleeding and permits complete embolization of the uterine arteries and hemostasis. Given the improved ultrasonography techniques, diagnosis of some potential high-risk conditions for postpartum hemorrhage, such as placenta previa or accreta, can be made prenatally. The patient can then be prepared with prophylactic placement of arterial catheters, and rapid occlusion of these vessels can be achieved if necessary.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.28772916178111keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/50. Extrauterine abdominal pregnancy: report of a case.A healthy, 34-year-old, gravida 3, para 1,011, patient presented for cesarean delivery in her 35th week of gestation with a diagnosis of complete placenta previa. During her 26th week of gestation, the patient was admitted to a high-risk obstetric unit with the diagnosis of premature rupture of membranes. Numerous ultrasonographic studies were conducted throughout her 10-week hospital stay, confirming the admitting diagnosis. A routine cesarean section was planned, and preparations were made for a potential increase in blood loss related to the placenta previa. The procedure began under spinal anesthesia and, upon incision of the abdomen, an extrauterine pregnancy was identified. The patient was immediately anesthetized and intubated at the request of the surgeon. During the 3-hour surgical procedure, the patient sustained massive blood loss, transfusions, central line placement, and aggressive pharmacological therapy. The patient was extubated the day after surgery, and was discharged approximately 1 week later. The only major complication was compartment syndrome of the left upper extremity related to the infiltration of vasopressors requiring fasciotomy and closure 2 days later. The incidence, morbidity/mortality, and anesthetic implications of abdominal pregnancy are reviewed.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 3.7263749706866keywords = gestation, pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/50. A case report and review of pregnancies in rudimentary noncommunicating uterine horns.A liveborn and subsequently thriving child was delivered abdominally from a pregnancy in a rudimentary noncommunicating uterine horn. This is the 13th English language report of neonatal survival from such an unusual and life-threatening situation. The case presents some 'clues' in the history and a review of the literature suggests that the previously reported bleak outlook for these pregnancies can now be tempered with cautious optimism. Ultrasound diagnosis of Mullerian abnormalities during pregnancy remains difficult but has been reported in several other cases in the literature and may become more common in the future.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.57545832356222keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/50. Second-trimester presentation of placenta percreta.Placenta percreta is diagnosed usually in the third trimester as massive postpartum hemorrhage when an attempt to remove the placenta reveals lack of a cleavage plane. However, placenta percreta may present in the second trimester with signs and symptoms of uterine rupture. The diagnosis of this event may be difficult because of mild abdominal discomfort often associated with normal pregnancy. We describe two cases that occurred in the second trimester with an unusual presentation. Both patients suffered considerable surgical morbidity. Other cases reported in the literature are mentioned as well. When a patient with risk factors for abnormal placentation presents with abdominal pain and/or vaginal bleeding in the second trimester of pregnancy, the diagnosis of placenta percreta should be considered. A laparotomy is indicated immediately when hemoperitoneum is suspected because uterine rupture has most likely occurred. Placenta percreta in the second trimester is a potentially life-threatening condition that warrants expeditious diagnosis to limit maternal postoperative morbidity.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.57545832356222keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/50. Modified cesarean hysterectomy for placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion: retrovesical lower uterine segment bypass.BACKGROUND: Present conservative and radical surgical management of placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion is associated with significant hemorrhage and the need for blood salvage, transfusion, and component therapy. Conventional cesarean hysterectomy strategies have high surgical morbidity, despite adequate personnel and resources. CASE: A 37-year-old, gravida 3, para 2-0-0-2, with a radiographic diagnosis of placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion, and confirmed fetal lung maturity, had a modified cesarean hysterectomy at 34 weeks' gestation. The bladder was partially mobilized beneath the percreta invasion site via the paravesical spaces. Estimated blood loss was 900 mL. Superficial placental bladder invasion was confirmed by pathology. The postoperative course was uneventful. CONCLUSION: Modified cesarean hysterectomy prevented hemorrhage and need for blood salvage, transfusion, or component therapy in managing a case of placenta previa percreta with bladder invasion.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gestation (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/50. Hypovolaemic shock.Measured blood loss up to 1000 ml is well tolerated by healthy pregnant women. This is partly due to physiological increases in plasma volume and red cell mass during pregnancy. Nevertheless, hypovolaemic shock is a major cause of maternal mortality. Management requires teamwork, co-ordination, speed and adequate facilities to be life-saving. The first priority is rapid fluid replacement. Evidence from randomized trials has established that crystalloids are the fluids of choice over colloids and particularly albumen, which was associated with increased mortality. Rapid access to blood or blood products for transfusion is necessary, as well as laboratory back-up. Further management includes accurate assessment of the site of bleeding; control of the bleeding; diagnosis and management of the underlying condition; supportive therapy; and monitoring of the clinical, haematological and biochemical response to treatment. Bedside diagnostic ultrasound has several applications in the evaluation of obstetric hypovolaemic shock.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.28772916178111keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/50. Three-dimensional color power Doppler imaging in the assessment of uteroplacental neovascularization in placenta previa increta/percreta.A case of placenta previa increta/percreta was diagnosed at 18 weeks' gestation with the 3-dimensional color power Doppler imaging technique. Unusually extensive uteroplacental vascular network architecture was seen on the 3-dimensional angiohistogram. After appropriate counseling, the patient chose to terminate the pregnancy. A hysterectomy was performed with prophylactic preoperative embolization of internal iliac arteries at 21 weeks' gestation, and histopathologic examination revealed placenta previa increta/percreta. This new 3-dimensional angiohistogram technique allowed us to visualize all 3 orthogonal planes of the angioarchitectural information. It appears to be a useful complementary tool and is likely to play a more defining and clarifying role in assessing the quantification of abnormal uteroplacental neovascularization for patients with placenta previa increta/percreta.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2.2877291617811keywords = gestation, pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/50. Peripartum management of a patient with dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency, a rare congenital cause of dysautonomia.We present the first reported case involving the peripartum anaesthetic management of dopamine beta-hydroxylase deficiency in a 22-year-old primigravida with high-grade placenta praevia. Elective caesarean section was performed at 36 weeks gestation with a combined spinal-epidural regional anaesthetic technique. Extensive preparation was undertaken to manage the consequences of obstetric haemorrhage and consideration given to potential pharmacological sensitivities suspected to exist in patients with this rare disorder affecting sympathetic nervous system function. An uncomplicated caesarean section was performed from which the patient recovered well to be discharged home with a healthy baby.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = gestation (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/50. A new technique for the localization of the cervix at 113mIn placental scintigraphy.Sixty women in the third trimester of pregnancy were examined with 113mIn placental scintigraphy because of bleeding. In 24 of the cases, the scintigraphic procedure was initiated by application of a Meyers ring containing 113mIn round cervix. In the other cases, the fundus and the symphysis pubis were marked by means of a small radioactive source. Complete placenta praevia was correctly detected in 8 cases and marginal placenta in 4 cases. The scintigraphic localization of the placenta was correct in all the women where the ring was used, whereas when the external marked was used, seven errors occurred. The authors therefore recommend this new technique in order to facilitate the evaluation of the scintigrams.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 0.28772916178111keywords = pregnancy (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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