1/22. Lyral is an important sensitizer in patients sensitive to fragrances.Contact allergy to fragrances is a common problem world-wide. The currently used fragrance mix (FM) for patch testing has only eight constituents and does not identify all fragrance-allergic patients. As perfumes may contain 100 or more substances, the search for markers for allergy continues. The synthetic fragrance 4-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde (Lyral) was tested together with the FM and 11 other fragrance substances on consecutive patients in six European departments of dermatology. All patients were carefully questioned regarding a history of reactions to scented products in the past and were grouped into four categories: 'certain', 'probable', 'questionable' and 'none'. Lyral (5% in petrolatum) gave a positive reaction in 2.7% of 1855 patients (range 1.2-17%) and ranked next to 11.3% with FM allergy. Twenty-four patients reacted to both Lyral and FM, but 21 (1.1%) reacted positively only to Lyral. Of 124 patients with a 'certain' history, 53.2% reacted to the FM and a further 7.2% to Lyral only. If any kind of history of fragrance intolerance was given, 80% (40 of 50) of Lyral positive patients had a 'positive' history while only 58.6% (123 of 210) of FM positive patients had such a history; this difference was significant at P < 0.01. Lyral was identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in some products which had caused an allergic contact dermatitis in four typical patients who showed a patch test positive to Lyral and negative or doubtful to FM. In conclusion, we recommend the testing of 5% Lyral (in petrolatum) in patients suspected of contact dermatitis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/22. Identification of Lilial as a fragrance sensitizer in a perfume by bioassay-guided chemical fractionation and structure-activity relationships.Fragrance materials are among the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of this study was to identify in a perfume fragrance allergens not included in the fragrance mix, by use of bioassay-guided chemical fractionation and chemical analysis/structure-activity relationships (SARs). The basis for the investigation was a 45-year-old woman allergic to her own perfume. She had a negative patch test to the fragrance mix and agreed to participate in the study. chemical fractionation of the perfume concentrate was used for repeated patch testing and/or repeated open application test on the pre-sensitized patient. The chemical composition of the fractions giving a positive patch-test response and repeated open application test reactions was obtained by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. From the compounds identified, those that contained a "structural alert" in their chemical structure, indicating an ability to modify skin proteins and thus behave as a skin sensitizer, were tested on the patient. The patient reacted positively to the synthetic fragrance p-t-butyl-alpha-methylhydrocinnamic aldehyde (Lilial), a widely used fragrance compound not present in the fragrance mix. The combination of bioassay-guided chemical fractionation and chemical analysis/structure-activity relationships seems to be a valuable tool for the investigation of contact allergy to fragrance materials.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/22. Identification and quantification of para-phenylenediamine in a temporary black henna tattoo.BACKGROUND: Temporary black henna tattoos are very popular as body adornment. Although contact allergy to natural henna is unusual, the inclusion of hair dye, p-phenylenediamine (PPD), increases the risk of contact sensitization. OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to identify the presence and concentration of PPD in a black henna tattoo mixture to which our patient developed contact allergy. methods: The presence of PPD in a black henna tattoo mixture, various samples of commercially available henna powders, and several hair dye products was qualitatively and quantitatively detected using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: This study demonstrated that PPD was present in the black henna tattoo mixture at a concentration of 15.7%, which is significantly higher than commercial hair dye preparations. CONCLUSION: The presence of PPD in black henna tattoo mixtures in high concentration poses a health hazard and a risk of allergic contact sensitization with potential long-term consequences.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
4/22. Identification of sensitizing diethyleneglycol maleate in a two-component polyester cement.Unsaturated polyester (UP) cement caused allergic contact dermatitis in car repair work. The resin was a condensate of polyols and maleic anhydride with reactive solvent, auxiliary substances, and inorganic reinforcement substances. To identify the causative chemicals, the cement was tested on a sensitized patient. For analysis, samples of the resin were eluted with acetone and eluted with hexane to precipitate inorganic material and large polyester molecules. The eluate was evaporated. The remainder, dissolved in acetone, was separated into fractions on silica plates by thin layer chromatography (TLC). On the developed (hexane/chloroform, 15/85) plates, 20 bands were obtained under UV-light at 254 nm. Samples of the bands were scraped and used for patch testing. The scraping at a retention factor (Rf) of 0.24 caused a skin reaction. The bands at this retention were removed from six plates, combined, eluted with acetone and purified again by TLC. The purified fraction mixed in petrolatum in the dilution series was used for conclusive patch testing on the patient. An allergic reaction was induced at down to 0.003% wt/wt. According to MS and IR analyses, the isolated compound was diethyleneglycol maleate (DEGM, MW204). In addition to the resin part, the sanding dust also contained this monomer.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
5/22. Gas chromatography: an investigative tool in multiple allergies to essential oils.Essential or fragrant oils are volatile odourous mixtures of organic chemical compounds that are widely used in aromatherapy and in the perfume industry. Because of their frequent use, allergy to essential oils is being increasingly recognized. We report 2 cases of multiple allergies to essential oils in professional aromatherapists. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyse the oils in order to identify a common allergen responsible for the contact dermatitis. In both the cases, alpha- and beta-pinene were found to be the most common constituent in the oils and thus appeared to be key allergens. alpha-pinene was confirmed as an allergen on repeat patch testing with pure alpha-pinene in both cases. 12 controls tested were negative for the same. gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was found to be an extremely useful tool that could be utilized in investigating multiple allergies to essential oils.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 6keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
6/22. Contact dermatitis from electrocardiograph-monitoring electrodes: role of p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin.Three cases of allergic contact dermatitis localized to the sites of electrocardiograph-monitoring electrodes are reported. All patients had positive patch tests to both the gel and the adhesive part of the Red Dot 2239 3M monitoring electrode used and to the p-tert-butylphenol-formaldehyde resin (PTBP-F-R) of the standard series. Two patients had a history of possible exposition to the resin previously but there was no explanation for the third. No information about the presence of PTBP-F-R in the electrodes could be obtained from the manufacturers. Chemical analysis of samples of the electrode, using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical system, demonstrated the presence of several PTBP-F-R derivatives in both the gel and the adhesive part.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 2keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
7/22. A method for identifying causative chemicals of allergic contact dermatitis using a combination of chemical analysis and patch testing in patients and animal groups: application to a case of rubber boot dermatitis.A 63-year-old woman developed allergic contact dermatitis from rubber boots. Initial investigation, by patch testing in the patient and chemical analysis of the causative rubber boots, revealed that mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) and dibenzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) were the causative chemicals. Subsequent investigations were performed by patch testing in animal groups. An extract of the causative rubber boots, MBT and MBTS were used for sensitization of guinea pigs by the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). 3 animal groups, A (with the boot extract), B (with MBT) and C (with MBTS) were successfully prepared. The boot extract was fractionated by column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Each fraction was subjected to patch testing in the animal groups. Positive reactions in all groups would show that the active fractions contained MBT-type compounds, whereas a positive reaction in group A but negative ones in group B and C would show that the active fractions did not contain any MBT-type compounds. Each fraction was then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), direct inlet-MS (DI-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By this investigation, we found not only known allergens (MBT, MBTS), but also unknown allergens: S-substituted MBT-type compounds and styrenated phenol (SP). Thus, SP was shown to be a candidate as a human sensitizer even though the patient did not react to it.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 4keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
8/22. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from bisphenol A in vinyl gloves.Allergic contact dermatitis caused by polyvinyl chloride gloves is rarely reported, and in only 2 cases was bisphenol A considered to be the responsible sensitizer. We report a patient with occupational hand dermatitis after the use of a new type of high-density vinyl (HDV) gloves. patch tests showed positive ( ) reactions to both used and new HDV gloves and to bisphenol A. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated the presence of bisphenol A in the HDV gloves. Replacement by nitrile rubber gloves resulted in complete clearance of the hand dermatitis.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
9/22. Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from antioxidant amines in a dental technician.We describe an 18-year-old dental technician who presented with dry hyperkeratotic lesions on his left palm that were limited to an area that was in contact with a container in which he had prepared the molds for a dental prosthesis. On patch testing, he had a positive reaction to black rubber mix and its components N-cyclohexyl-N'-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-4-phenylenediamine, and N-isopropyl-N'-phenyl-4-phenylenediamine, as well as to a piece of the rubber container. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) of a piece of the rubber container confirmed the presence of the para-phenylenediamine mix. Results of patch-testing with TLC were positive after 48 and 96 hours. The lesions resolved when the patient stopped using the container. The patient was diagnosed with occupational allergic contact dermatitis. We also review the dermatoses caused by antioxidant amines.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
10/22. Allergic contact dermatitis from methyldibromoglutaronitrile.BACKGROUND: Arriving at a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is a multistep procedure including the establishing of contact allergy, demonstration of current exposure to the sensitizer, and assessment of clinical relevance. Sometimes, these steps are easy to get through; at other times, there may be problems with every step. OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the possible difficulties and pitfalls in establishing the presence of contact allergy and diagnosing allergic contact dermatitis from exposure to the preservative methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN). methods: Simultaneous patch-testing with petrolatum preparations of MDBGN at various concentrations, use testing, and chemical analysis with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS: Contact allergy to MDBGN was established in two cases, with MDBGN in petrolatum at 0.5%. Results of HPLC investigation of moisturizers used by the patients and yielding positive results on patch and use tests disagreed with the information about preservatives on the labels of the moisturizers and with the material safety data sheets (MSDSs). CONCLUSIONS: Patch testing with MDBGN in petrolatum at a concentration of less than 0.5% may fail to diagnose a clinically relevant contact allergy. The information on labels of products, on MSDSs, and from manufacturers may not be reliable, which indicates the need for chemical analyses.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = chromatography (Clic here for more details about this article) |
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