1/3. Exfoliative cytology of a lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma in a cervical smear. A case report.BACKGROUND: Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the cervix (LELC) is cytologically identical to its counterparts at other sites, such as the nasopharynx. LELC can be suspected on a cervical cytologic smear. The differential diagnosis includes nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma with prominent stromal inflammation, carcinoma with intense stromal eosinophilia, glassy cell carcinoma, malignant lymphoma (especially lymphoepitheloid-Lennerts lymphoma) and metastatic Schmincke-Regaud tumor. CASE: A 55-year-old female presented with an ulcerated endophytic tumor in the cervix. Exfoliative cytology showed uniform, large tumor cells, often associated with inflammatory cells, with round or oval nuclei and one or more prominent nucleoli. The cytoplasm was finely granular to flocculent, and the nuclei were uniformly vesicular. The chromatin was peripherally marginated. The cell borders were indistinct. There was no evidence of dyskeratotic or keratinized cells, koilocytes or glandlike formations. These findings were highly suspicious for LELC and were confirmed by biopsy. flow cytometry showed dna aneuploidy, with a dna index of 1.08. in situ hybridization was negative for human papillomavirus 16 and 18. CONCLUSION: LELC of the uterine cervix has cytologic features that are sufficiently characteristic for a specific cytologic diagnosis. The diagnosis, nevertheless, has to be proven by histology.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 1keywords = hybridization (Clic here for more details about this article) |
2/3. Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix with cytogenetic analysis by comparative genomic hybridization: a case study.Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the uterine cervix is a newly introduced category of the revised world health organization classification. We reported a case of cervical LCNEC with cytogenetic analysis by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The cervical tumor showed moderately increased mitotic activity (8-14 mitotic figures per 10 high-power fields) and focal necrosis, which made it problematic to differentiate from atypical carcinoid. CGH analysis failed to detect chromosome 11q loss that has been reported to be characteristic of pulmonary atypical carcinoids. Furthermore, chromosome 3q amplification, which has been detected frequently in pulmonary small cell carcinomas and LCNECs but not in pulmonary typical and atypical carcinoids, was the most remarkable chromosomal aberration. Although CGH reports are extremely rare in neuroendocrine tumors of the uterine cervix, specific chromosomal aberrations may be useful in their distinction.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 5keywords = hybridization (Clic here for more details about this article) |
3/3. Typical and atypical carcinoid tumors of the lung are characterized by 11q deletions as detected by comparative genomic hybridization.neuroendocrine tumors of the lung represent a wide spectrum of phenotypically distinct entities with different biological characteristics such as typical carcinoid tumor (TC), atypical carcinoid tumor (AC), large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC), and small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). The histogenetic relationships between TC, AC, LCNEC, and SCLC are still unclear. This study was carried out to provide cytogenetic data about pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors and to evaluate their characteristic alterations and histogenetic relations for an improved understanding of the mechanisms of tumor development. Twenty-nine paraffin-embedded tumor samples of TC (n = 17), AC (n = 6), LCNEC (n = 3), and SCLC (n = 3) were selected for isolation of tumor dna and subsequent comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis. To confirm the comparative genomic hybridization results for characteristic chromosomal imbalances, selected cases were additionally investigated by loss of heterozygosity analysis. For statistical evaluation, we also used comparative genomic hybridization data from 45 published SCLC cases. dna underrepresentations of 11q were the most frequent findings in TC (8 of 17) and AC (4 of 6), whereas these aberrations were rare in LCNEC (1 of 3) and SCLC (0 of 3). Furthermore, AC showed dna underrepresentation of 10q (3 of 6) and 13q (3 of 6). In contrast, SCLC and LCNEC were characterized by a different pattern of dna losses (3p-, 4q-, 5q-, 13q-, and 15q-) and gains (5p , 17p , and 20). Statistical analysis revealed significantly different occurrences of 11q deletions in TC/AC versus SCLC (45 published cases of SCLC and our 3 cases; P = 0.002; Fisher's exact test). Thus, TC and AC display frequent loss of 11q material including the MEN1 gene locus, which represents a characteristic genetic alteration in these tumors. Losses of 10q and 13q sequences allow a further cytogenetic differentiation between TC and AC. These additional changes might be responsible for the more aggressive behavior of AC. Three cases of LCNEC, the first to be analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization, exhibited similar complex abnormal patterns (4q-, 5q-, 10q-, 13q-, 15q-) to those of SCLC. Although neuroendocrine tumors of the lung share common phenotypic features, suggesting a genotypic relationship, they differ remarkably in their cytogenetic characteristics, highlighting an early fundamental molecular divergence during the development of these tumors.- - - - - - - - - - ranking = 8keywords = hybridization (Clic here for more details about this article) |